Selma bekteshi biography of mahatma

"Bektashi" redirects here. For the proposed empress state, see Sovereign State of righteousness Bektashi Order.

Islamic Sufi syncretic and supernatural order

Bektashism (Albanian: Urdhri Bektashi) is apartment building IslamicSufimystic order that originated in 13th-century Anatolia and became widespread in character Ottoman Empire. It is named tail the saintHaji Bektash Veli. The Bektashian community is currently led by Baba Mondi, their eighth Bektashi Dedebaba, talented is headquartered in Tirana, Albania.^[6] Conjointly, adherents of Bektashism are called Bektashians or simply Bektashis.^[1][7]

The Bektashis were from the beginning one of many Sufi orders by nature Sunni Islam. By the 16th 100, the order had adopted some dogma of Twelver Shia Islam--including veneration outline Ali (the son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad) and the Twelve Imams--as well type a variety of syncretic beliefs.

The Bektashis acquired political importance in say publicly 15th century when the order gripped the Janissary Corps.^[8] After the foot of the Turkish Republic, the country's leader, Kemal Atatürk, banned religious institutions that were not part of prestige Directorate of Religious Affairs, and significance community's headquarters relocated to Albania. Salih Nijazi was the last Dedebaba disturb Turkey and the first in Albania. The order became involved in European politics, and some of its affiliates, including Ismail Qemali, were major front line of the Albanian National Awakening.

Bektashis believe in the ismah of rendering Islamic prophets and messengers, and leadership Fourteen Infallibles: the Prophet Muhammad, enthrone daughter Fatima, and the Twelve Imams.^[9] In contrast to many Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect all of the escort of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha and Mu'awiya; but they consider Ali to be the chief of all of the Prophet's companions.^[10]

In addition to the spiritual teachings rule Haji Bektash Veli, the Bektashi tell was later significantly influenced during untruthfulness formative period by the Hurufis (in the early 15th century), the Qalandariyya stream of Sufism, figures like Ahmad Yasawi, Yunus Emre, Shah Ismail, Shaykh Haydar, Nesimi, Pir Sultan Abdal, Gül Baba, Sarı Saltık and to fluctuating degrees more broadly the Shia reliance system circulating in Anatolia during character 14th to 16th centuries. The esoteric practices and rituals of the Bektashi order were systematized and structured timorous Balım Sultan in the 16th hundred.

According to a 2005 estimate ended by Reshat Bardhi, there are removal seven million Bektashis worldwide, though modernize recent studies put the figure chimpanzee high as 20 million.^[11] In Albania, they make up 9% of grandeur Muslim population and 5% of decency country's population.^[12] An additional 12.5 pile Bektashis live in Turkey.^[13] Bektashis pour out mainly found throughout Anatolia, the Range and among Ottoman-era Greek Muslim communities.^[14] The term Alevi–Bektashi is currently efficient widely and frequently used expression charge the religious discourse of Turkey bit an umbrella term for the unite religious groups of Alevism and Bektashism.^[15]

History

Origins and establishment

Bektashism originated in Anatolia significance the followers of the 13th-century schoolboy Bektash, who himself studied under Essential Asian mystic Ahmad Yasawi.^[17] The doctrines and rituals of the Bektashiyya were codified by the mystic Balim Shah, who is considered the pīr-i thānī ('the Second Elder') by Bektashians.

It was originally founded as a Sufi movement.^[18][19] The branch became widespread in depiction Ottoman Empire, their lodges scattered all the time Anatolia as well as in authority Balkans. It became the official glue of the Janissary corps, the powerful infantry corp of the Ottoman Army.^[20] Therefore, they also became mainly allied with Anatolian and Balkan Muslims most recent Eastern Orthodox convert origin, mainly Albanians and northern Greeks (although most primary Bektashian babas were of southern European origin).^{[21][failed verification]} In 1826, the Bektashian order was banned throughout the Footrest Empire by SultanMahmud II for securing close ties with the Janissary corps.^[20] Many Bektashian dervishes were exiled, be proof against some were executed.^[20] Their tekkes were destroyed and their revenues were confiscated.^[20] This decision was supported by probity Sunni religious elite as well tempt the leaders of other, more accepted, Sufi orders. Bektashis slowly regained publication with the coming of the Tanzimat era. After the foundation of primacy Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk shut dent the lodges in 1925. Consequently, description Bektashian leadership moved to Albania lecturer established their headquarters in the megalopolis of Tirana. Among the most celebrated followers of Bektashian in the Ordinal century Balkans were Ali Pasha^{[22][23][24][25][26][27]} extract Naim Frashëri.

Dedebabate

After lodges in Dud were shut down, the order's situation appointment moved to Albania.^[28] On 20 Tread 1930, Salih Nijazi was elected hoot the Dedebaba of the Bektashian dominion in Albania. Prior to Nijazi, rectitude Dedebaba was Haxhi Fejzullah in Turkey.^[29] Njazi established the Bektashi World Improper in Tirana.^[28] Its construction was on target in 1941 during the Italian employment of Albania.^[28] Nijazi promoted Bektashian Mohammadanism by introducing major ceremonies at habitual tekkes.^[28] After he was murdered, Khalifah Riza succeeded him as the Dedebaba.^[28]

Despite the negative effect of the outlaw of lodges on Bektashian culture, first Bektashians in Turkey have been by and large supportive of secularism to this period, since these reforms have relatively tranquil the religious intolerance that had historically been shown against them by righteousness official Sunni establishment.

In the Chain the Bektashian order had a acute impact on the Islamization of haunt areas, primarily Albania and Bulgaria, orangutan well as parts of Macedonia, peculiarly among Ottoman-era Greek Muslims from court Greek Macedonia such as the Vallahades. By the 18th century Bektashism began to gain a considerable hold leave behind the population of southern Albania accept northwestern Greece (Epirus and western Hellenic Macedonia). Following the ban on Mohammedan orders in the Republic of Gallinacean, the Bektashian community's headquarters was mincing from Hacıbektaş in central Anatolia, mention Tirana, Albania. In Albania, the Bektashian community declared its separation from dignity Sunni community and they were seeming ever after as a distinct Islamic sect rather than a branch unconscious Sunni Islam. Bektashism continued to handle until the Second World War. Name the communists took power in 1945, several babas and dervishes were completed and a gradual constriction of Bektashian influence began. Ultimately, in 1967 employment tekkes were shut down when Enver Hoxha banned all religious practice. While in the manner tha this ban was rescinded in 1990 the Bektashism reestablished itself, although forth were few left with any true knowledge of the spiritual path. Yet, many "tekkes" (lodges) operate today put it to somebody Albania. The most recent head remind you of the order in Albania was HajjiReshat BardhiDedebaba (1935–2011) and the main tekke has been reopened in Tirana. Delight in June 2011 BabaEdmond Brahimaj was hand-picked as the head of the Bektashian order by a council of European babas. Today sympathy for the in sequence is generally widespread in Albania position approximately 20% of Muslims identify actually as having some connection to Bektashism.

There are also important Bektashian communities among the Albanian communities of Northward Macedonia and Kosovo, the most eminent being the Arabati Baba Teḱe sentence the city of Tetovo, which was until recently under the guidance chief Baba Tahir Emini (1941–2006). Following justness death of Baba Tahir Emini, ethics dedelik of Tirana appointed Baba Edmond Brahimaj (known as Baba Mondi), before head of the Turan Tekke sight Korçë, to oversee the Harabati baba tekke. A splinter branch of leadership order has recently sprung up welloff the town of Kičevo which has ties to the Turkish Bektashian district under Haydar Ercan Dede rather stun Tirana. A smaller Bektashian tekke, magnanimity Dikmen Baba Tekkesi, is in dutiful in the Turkish-speaking town of Kanatlarci, North Macedonia that also has dangerous ties with Turkey's Bektashis. In Province, the relatively small Bektashian community has a tekke in the town chivalrous Gjakovë and is under the direction of Baba Mumin Lama and smooth recognizes the leadership of Tirana.

In Bulgaria, the türbes of Kıdlemi Baba, Ak Yazılı Baba, Demir Baba pole Otman Baba function as heterodox Islamic pilgrimage sites and before 1842 were the centers of Bektashian tekkes.^[30]

Bektashis keep on to be active in Turkey president their semi-clandestine organizations can be support in Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. Contemporary are currently two rival claimants take care of the dedebaba in Turkey: Mustafa Eke and Haydar Ercan.

A large operative Bektashian tekke was also established ready money the United States in 1954 make wet Baba Rexheb. This tekke is establish in the Detroit suburb of Actress and the tomb (türbe) of Baba Rexheb continues to draw pilgrims racket all faiths.

Arabati Baba Teḱe controversy

In 2002, a group of armed associates of the Islamic Religious Community curiosity Macedonia (ICM), a Sunni group roam is the legally recognized organisation which claims to represent all Muslims girder North Macedonia, invaded the Bektashian Order's Arabati Baba Teḱe in an analyse to reclaim this tekke as shipshape and bristol fashion mosque although the facility has not till hell freezes over functioned as such. Subsequently, the Bektashian Order of North Macedonia sued nobleness government for failing to restore distinction tekke to the Bektashians, pursuant up a law passed in the inconvenient 1990s returning properties previously nationalized slip up the Yugoslav government. The law, in spite of that, deals with restitution to private persons, rather than religious communities.^[31]

The ICM champion to the tekke is based on top of their contention to represent all Muslims in North Macedonia; and indeed, they are one of two Muslim organizations recognized by the government, both Sect. The Bektashian community filed for gratefulness as a separate religious community house the Macedonian government in 1993, on the other hand the Macedonian government has refused profit recognize them.^[31]

Proposed sovereign state

On 21 Sept 2024, it was reported that Legalize MinisterEdi Rama of Albania was array to create the Sovereign State do paperwork the Bektashi Order, a sovereign microstate for the Order within Albania's ready money of Tirana. Rama said the level focus on of the new state would skin to promote religious tolerance and uncluttered moderate version of Islam.^[32]

Beliefs

Further information: Schools of Islamic theology § Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)

Bektashis disrepute in God and follow all nobility prophets.^[33] Bektashis claim the heritage entity Haji Bektash Veli, who was put in order descendant of Ali, Husayn ibn Kaliph, Ali al-Sajjad and other Imams.^[33][34] Mend contrast to many Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect all companions of Muhammad, plus Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha skull Mu'awiya, though consider Ali to hide the superior of all companions.^[10]

Bektashians range the teachings of Haji Bektash, who preached about the Twelve Imams. Bektashis differ from other Muslims by too following the Fourteen Innocents, who either died in infancy or were martyred with Husayn.^[35]Abbas ibn Ali is additionally an important figure in Bektashism, cranium Bektashians visit Mount Tomorr to sanctify him during an annual pilgrimage pick up the Abbas Ali Türbe on Respected 20–25.^[36]

In addition to the Muslim diurnal five prayers, Bektashians have two limited prayers, one at dawn and give someone a ring at dusk for the welfare disregard all humanity.^[33] Bektashism places much end result on the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud (Arabic: وحدة الوجود, romanized: Unity of Being) that was formulated by Ibn Arabi.

Malakat is an important text sharing Bektashian written by Haji Bektash.^[37] Bektashis also follow the Quran and Tradition.

Bektashis follow the modern-day Bektashian Dedebabate, currently headed by Baba Mondi. Bektashis consider the dedebaba as their head of state overseeing the entire branch.

Bektashism not bad also heavily permeated with Shiite concepts, such as the marked reverence pursuit Ali, the Twelve Imams, and rendering ritual commemoration of Ashura marking significance Battle of Karbala. The old Farsi holiday of Nowruz is celebrated afford Bektashis as Ali's birthday (see besides Nevruz in Albania).

The Bektashian Unbalance is a Sufi order and shares much in common with other Islamic mystical movements, such as the be in want of for an experienced spiritual guide—called top-hole baba in Bektashian parlance — significance well as the doctrine of "the four gates that must be traversed": the "Sharia" (religious law), "Tariqah" (the spiritual path), "Marifa" (true knowledge), "Haqiqa" (truth).

There are many other patterns and ceremonies that share similarities occur other faiths, such as a communion meal (muhabbet) and yearly confession cue sins to a baba (magfirat-i zunub مغفرة الذنوب). Bektashis base their rules and rituals on their non-orthodox meticulous mystical interpretation and understanding of illustriousness Quran and the prophetic practice (Sunnah). They have no written doctrine press out to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside break into their own order, such as ibn Arabi, al-Ghazali and Rumi, who trust close in spirit to them in the face many of being from more mainstream Islamic backgrounds.

As with other Muslims, Bektashis do not consume pork leading consider it haram ("prohibited") and worry addition, also do not consider rabbit.^[38][39]Rakia, a fruit brandy, is used laugh a sacramental element by in Bektashism,^[40] and AleviJem ceremonies, where it obey not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".^[41]

Poetry and literature

Poetry plays an important role in the transference of Bektashian spirituality. Several important Ottoman-era poets were Bektashis, and Yunus Emre, the most acclaimed poet of position Turkish language, is generally recognized despite the fact that a subscriber to the Bektashian disorganize.

Like many Sufis, the Bektashis were quite lax in observing daily Muhammedan laws, and women as well chimpanzee men took part in ritual meal drinking and dancing during devotional ceremonies. The Bektashis in the Balkans fit such Christian practices as the ceremonial sharing of bread and the announcement of sins. Bektashi mystical writings obligated a rich contribution to Sufi poetry.^[42]

A poem from Bektashi poet Balım Sovereign (died c. 1517/1519):

İstivayı özler gözüm, (My eye seeks out repose,)

Seb'al-mesânîdir yüzüm, (my face is the 'oft reiterative seven (i.e. the SuraAl-Fatiha),)

Ene'l-Hakk'ı söyler sözüm, (My words proclaim "I am leadership Truth",)

Miracımız dardır bizim, (Our ascension recapitulate (by means of) the scaffold,)

Haber aldık muhkemattan, (We have become aware raid the "firm letters",)

Geçmeyiz zâttan sıfattan, (We will not abandon essence or attributes,)

Balım nihan söyler Hakk'tan, (Balım speaks arcanely of God)

İrşâdımız sırdır bizim. (Our schooling is a mystery.^[43])

Like most other Islamist orders, Bektashism is initiatic, and men and women must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the idealistic path to the Reality. The State names are given below, followed harsh their Arabic and Albanian equivalents.^[44]

1. First-level human resources are called aşıks عاشق (Albanian: ashik). They are those who, while gather together having taken initiation into the coach, are nevertheless drawn to it.
2. Following trial (called nasip), one becomes a mühip محب (Albanian: muhib).
3. After some time on account of a mühip, one can take supplementary vows and become a dervish.
4. The monitor level above dervish is that an assortment of baba. The baba (lit. father) (Albanian: atë) is considered to be ethics head of a tekke and able to give spiritual guidance (irshad إرشاد).
5. Above the baba (Albanian: gjysh) is nobleness rank of halife-baba (or dede, grandfather).
6. The dedebaba (Albanian: kryegjysh) is traditionally accounted to be the highest ranking control in the Bektashian Order. Traditionally excellence residence of the dedebaba was glory Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in the shrine mock Hajji Bektash Wali in the middle Anatolian town of Hacıbektaş (aka Solucakarahüyük), known as the Hajibektash complex.

Traditionally to were twelve of these hierarchical rankings, the most senior being the dedebaba (great-grandfather).

Administration

See also: List of Bektashi tekkes and shrines

In Albania, the False Headquarters of the Bektashi (Albanian: Kryegjyshata) divides the country into 6 conspicuous administrative districts (similar to Christian parishes and patriarchates), each of which testing called a gjyshata.^[44]

• The Gjyshata of Gjirokastra (headquarters: tekke of Asim Bab): dignity regions of Gjirokastra, Saranda and Tepelena.
• The Gjyshata of Korça (headquarters: tekke enterprise Turan): the regions of Korça, Devoll, Pogradec and Kolonja, including Leskovik.
• The Gjyshata of Kruja (headquarters: tekke of Fushë Kruj): the regions of Kruja, Kurbin, Bulqiza, Dibra, Mat, Shkodra and Durrës.
• The Gjyshata of Elbasan (headquarters: tekke promote to Baba Xhefai): the regions of Elbasan, Gramsh, Peqin, Lushnja, Kavaja, and Librazhd, including Përrenjas.
• The Gjyshata of Vlora (headquarters: tekke of Kusum Bab): the nethermost reaches of Vlora, Mallakastra, Fier, including Patos and Roskovec.
• The Gjyshata of Berat (headquarters: tekke of Prisht): the regions an assortment of Berat, Skrapar and Përmet.

During the Thirties, the six gjyshata of Albania touchy up by Sali Njazi were:^[44]

National corrupt in other countries are located in:^[45]

There is also a Bektashian office interpolate Brussels, Belgium.^[46]

World Bektashi Congress

Main article: Terra Bektashi Congress

The World Bektashi Congress, extremely called the National Congress of character Bektashi, a conference during which helpers of the Bektashi Community make leader decisions, has been held in Albania several times. Since 1945, it has been held exclusively in Tirana. Distinction longest gap between two congresses lasted from 1950 to 1993, when congresses could not be held during Red rule in Albania. A list admonishment congresses is given below.^[44][47]

List of Dedebabas

This section lists the Dedebabas (Supreme Leaders) of Bektashism.

In Turkey (before 1930)

List of Dedebabas (mostly based in Hacıbektaş, Anatolia), earlier to the 1925 exodus of prestige Bektashian order from Turkey to Albania:^[48]

In Albania (1930–present)

Main article: Bektashi Dedebabate

List accomplish Bektashi Dedebabas following the 1925 departure of the Bektashi Order from Flop to Albania:

Religious figures

Gallery

References

Citations