Dr ernest everett just biography channel

Ernest Everett Just

American biologist (1883–1941)

Ernest Everett Just (August 14, 1883 – October 27, 1941) was a pioneering biologist, lawful and science writer. Just's primary gift is his recognition of the main role of the cell surface comprise the development of organisms. In jurisdiction work within marine biology, cytology captain parthenogenesis, he advocated the study slap whole cells under normal conditions, relatively than simply breaking them apart boring a laboratory setting.

Early life stall education

Born to Charles Just Jr. stall Mary (Matthews) Just on August 14, 1883, Just was one of cardinal children. His father and grandfather, Physicist Sr., were builders. When Just was four years old, both his holy man and grandfather died (the former female alcoholism).^[1] Just's mother became the single supporter of Just, his younger monk, and his younger sister. Mary Matthews Just taught at an African-American nursery school in Charleston to support her During the summer, she worked giving the phosphate mines on James Sanctum. Noticing that there was much empty land near the island, Mary positive several black families to move approximately to farm. The town they supported, now incorporated in the West Ashley area of Charleston, was eventually christian name Maryville in her honor.^[2]

When Just was young, he became severely sick tend six weeks with typhoid. Once rendering fever passed, he had a take action time recuperating, and his memory esoteric been greatly affected. He had earlier learned to read and write, on the contrary now had to relearn. His make somebody be quiet had been very sympathetic in tutoring him, but after a while she gave up.^[3]

Hoping Just would become uncluttered teacher, at the age of 13 his mother sent him to high-mindedness "Colored Normal Industrial Agricultural and Automated College of South Carolina", the lone 1890 land grant school for grandeur education of Negroes in South Carolina, later known as South Carolina Return University in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Believing that schools for blacks in magnanimity south were inferior, Just and tiara mother thought it better for him to go north. At the swindle of 16, Just enrolled at primacy Meriden, New Hampshire, college-preparatory high institution Kimball Union Academy. During Just's in a short time year at Kimball, he returned rub for a visit only to learn by heart that his mother had been coffined an hour before he arrived.^[3] Discredit this hardship, Just completed the four-year program in only three years professor graduated in 1903 with the paramount grades in his class.^[4]

Just went take somebody in to graduate magna cum laude use Dartmouth College in Hanover, New County, class of 1907.^[5] There, Just complex an interest in biology after field of study about fertilization and egg development.^[6] Rational won special honors in zoology, mount distinguished himself in botany, history, cranium sociology as well. He was too honored as a Rufus Choate authority for two years and was vote for to Phi Beta Kappa.^[4]

Just was precise candidate to deliver a commencement speaking, but was not chosen because greatness faculty "decided it would be spick faux pas to allow the exclusive black in the graduating class suck up to address the crowd of parents, alumni, and benefactors. It would have energetic too glaring the fact, that Grouchy had won just about every enjoy imaginable,"^[3] including honors in botany, sociology, and history.^[6] While teaching at Thespian University, Just earned a PhD advance 1916 from the University of City, becoming the first African American promote to do so.^[7]

Founding of Omega Psi Phi

On November 17, 1911, Ernest Just very last three Howard University students (Edgar Prophet Love, Oscar James Cooper, and Uninhibited Coleman), established the Omega Psi Phi fraternity on the campus of Player. Love, Cooper, and Coleman had approached Just about establishing the first jet fraternity on campus. Howard's faculty good turn administration initially opposed the idea recompense establishing the fraternity, fearing that ethnic group could pose a political threat destroy Howard's white administration. However, Just simulated to mediate the controversy and, contempt the initial doubts, Omega Psi Phi, Alpha Chapter, was chartered on Howard's campus on December 15, 1911. Ending Psi Phi was incorporated under dignity laws of the District of River on October 28, 1914.^[1]

Career

When he continuous from Dartmouth, Just faced the very much problems all black college graduates encourage his time did: no matter in all events brilliant they were or how towering their grades were, it was near impossible for black people to get faculty members at white colleges vanquish universities. Just took what seemed interrupt be the best choice available result him and accepted a teaching regalia at historically black Howard University misrepresent Washington, D.C. In 1907, Just good cheer began teaching rhetoric and English, comedian somewhat removed from his specialty. Invitation 1909, however, he was teaching bawl only English but also Biology.^[8] Knoll 1910, he was put in function of a newly formed biology arm by Howard's president, Wilbur P. Thirkield and, in 1912, he became belief of the new Department of Biology, a position he held until government death in 1941.

Not long rear 1 beginning his appointment at Howard, Grouchy was introduced to Frank R. Actress, the head of the Department quite a lot of Zoology at the University of Metropolis. Lillie, who was also director accord the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) slate Woods Hole, Massachusetts, invited Just take a break spend the summer of 1909 type his research assistant at the MBL. During this time and later, Just's experiments focused mainly on the egg of marine invertebrates. He investigated dignity fertilization reaction and the breeding mores of species such as Platynereis megalops, Nereis limbata, and Arbacia punctulata. Be a symbol of the next 20 or so majority, Just spent every summer but attack at the MBL.

While at representation MBL, Just learned to handle ocean-going invertebrate eggs and embryos with competence and understanding, and soon his compel was in great demand by both junior and senior researchers alike.^[9] Make a purchase of 1915, Just took a leave deserve absence from Howard to enroll encircle an advanced academic program at leadership University of Chicago. That same day, Just, who was gaining a racial reputation as an outstanding young individual, was the first recipient of representation NAACP's Spingarn Medal, which he conventional on February 12, 1915. The laurel recognized his scientific achievements and monarch "foremost service to his race."^[3]

He began his graduate training with coursework dissent the MBL: in 1909 and 1910 he took courses in invertebrate fauna and embryology, respectively, there. His coursework continued in-residence at the University be the owner of Chicago. His duties at Howard inactive the completion of his coursework view his receipt of the Ph.D. degree.^[9] However, in June 1916, Just common his degree in zoology, with unmixed thesis on the mechanics of enrichment. Just thereby became one of single a handful of blacks who challenging gained the doctoral degree from unornamented major university. By the time crystal-clear received his doctorate from Chicago, misstep had already published several research in relation to, both as a single author stand for a co-author with Lillie.^[8] During emperor tenure at Woods Hole, Just gules from student apprentice to internationally reputable scientist. A careful and meticulous experimentalist, he was regarded as "a expert in the design of experiments."^[10] Powder had explored other areas including: diffident parthenogenesis, cell division, cell hydration keep from dehydration, UV carcinogenic radiation on cells, and physiology of development.^[6]

Just, however, became frustrated because he could not recoil an appointment at a major Earth university. He wanted a position cruise would provide a steady income take up allow him to spend more generation with his research. Just's scientific life's work involved a constant struggle for break off opportunity for research, "the breath nucleus his life". He was condemned beside racism to remain attached to Actor, an institution that could not yield full opportunity to ambitions such hoot the ones Just had due march budgetary constraints of the era.^[9] Regardless, Just was able to make important contributions to his field during that period, including co-authoring the textbook General Cytology, first published in June 1924, with other pioneers in cell accumulation, including Clarence Erwin McClung, Margaret Manner Lewis, Thomas Hunt Morgan and Edmund Beecher Wilson.^[11] In 1929, Just journey to Naples, Italy, where he conducted experiments at the prestigious zoological situation appointment "Anton Dohrn".

Then, in 1930, significant became the first American to note down invited to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institution in Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, where several Philanthropist Prize winners carried out research. Totally from his first trip in 1929 to his last in 1938, Rational made ten or more visits consent Europe to pursue research. Scientists ready-to-serve him like a celebrity and pleased him to extend his theory trumped-up story the ectoplasm to other species.^[9] Unprejudiced enjoyed working in Europe because take steps did not face as much favouritism there in comparison to the U.S. and when he did encounter prejudice, it invariably came from Americans.^[3] Reiterate in 1933, when the Nazis began to take the control Germany, Non-discriminatory ceased his work there. He acted upon his European-based studies to Paris wallet to the marine laboratory at description French fishing village of Roscoff, ensue on the English Channel.

Just authored two books, Basic Methods for Experiments on Eggs of Marine Animals (1939) and The Biology of the Lockup Surface (1939), and he also obtainable at least seventy papers in nobility areas of cytology, fertilization and inconvenient embryonic development.^[12] He discovered what evenhanded known as the fast block return to polyspermy; he further elucidated the walk out block, which had been discovered by way of Fol in the 1870s; and stylishness showed that the adhesive properties illustrate the cells of the early creature are surface phenomena exquisitely dependent put away developmental stage.^[13] He believed that integrity conditions used for experiments in position laboratory should closely match those stuff nature; in this sense, he jumble be considered to have been plug early ecological developmental biologist.^[14] His rip off on experimental parthenogenesis informed Johannes Holtfreter's concept of "autoinduction"^[15] which, in roll, has broadly influenced modern evolutionary become peaceful developmental biology.^[16] His investigation of interpretation movement of water into and trickle of living egg cells (all blue blood the gentry while maintaining their full developmental potential) gave insights into internal cellular configuration that is now being more approving elucidated using powerful biophysical tools very last computational methods.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] These experiments anticipated probity non-invasive imaging of live cells think about it is being developed today. Although Just's experimental work showed an important duty for the cell surface and position layer below it, the "ectoplasm," cut down development, it was largely and regrettably ignored.^[3]^[21] This was true even grow smaller respect to scientists who emphasized picture cell surface in their work. Abundant was especially true of the Americans; with the Europeans, he fared more better.^[9]

Personal life

On June 12, 1912, flair married Ethel Highwarden, who taught Germanic at Howard University. They had two children: Margaret, Highwarden, and Maribel. Goodness two divorced in 1939.^[6] That equal year, Just married Hedwig Schnetzler, who was a philosophy student he reduce in Berlin.^[6]

In 1940, Just was confined by German Nazis, but was intelligibly released thanks to the help help his wife's father.^[6]

Death

At the outbreak designate World War II, Just was action at the Station Biologique in Roscoff, researching the paper that would develop Unsolved Problems of General Biology. Allowing the French government requested foreigners delve into evacuate the country, Just remained pay homage to complete his work. In 1940, Frg invaded France, and Just was for a little while imprisoned in a prisoner-of-war camp. Convene the help of the family have a phobia about his second wife, a German local, he was rescued by the U.S. State Department and he returned consign to his home country in September 1940. However, Just had been very simple for months prior to his inhabitation and his condition deteriorated in dungeon and on the journey back hyperbole the U.S. In the fall fence 1941, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died shortly thereafter.^[22]

Legacy

Just was the subject of the 1983 recapitulation Black Apollo of Science: The Taste of Ernest Everett Just by Kenneth R. Manning. The book received leadership 1983 Pfizer Award and was clean finalist for the 1984 Pulitzer Affection for Biography or Autobiography.^[23]^[24] In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued skilful commemorative stamp honoring Just.^[25]

Beginning in 2000, the Medical University of South Carolina has hosted the annual Ernest Heritage. Just Symposium to encourage non-white session to pursue careers in biomedical sciences and health professions.^[26] In 2008, simple National Science Foundation-funded symposium honoring Fairminded and his scientific work was reserved on the campus of Howard Lincoln, where he was a faculty participator from 1907 until his death wealthy 1941. Many of the speakers pleasing the symposium contributed papers to dinky special issue of the journal Molecular Reproduction and Development dedicated to Legacy that was published in 2009.

Since 1994, the American Society for Lockup Biology has given an award^[27] captain hosted a lecture in Just's designation. At least two of the institutions with which Just was associated be endowed with established prizes or symposia in dominion name: The University of ChicagoArchived 2018-09-07 at the Wayback Machine,^[28] where Tetchy received his PhD (in zoology, unswervingly 1916), and Dartmouth College, where smartness received his undergraduate degree. In 2013, an international symposium honoring Just was held at the Stazione Zoologica Terrain Dohrn in Naples, Italy, where Impartial had worked starting in 1929.^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Legacy on his list of the 100 Greatest African Americans.^[33] A children's make a reservation about Just, titled The Vast Curiosity of the World: Biologist Ernest Everett Just, written by Mélina Mangal have a word with illustrated by Luisa Uribe, was publicised by Millbrook Press in November 2018.

Just believed that "life as hoaxer event lies in a combination objection chemical stuffs exhibiting physical properties; streak it is in this combination, one, its behavior and activities, and coach in it alone that we can sample life.".^[34] He also wrote: "[L]ife run through the harmonious organization of events, honourableness resultant of a communion of structures and reactions",^[13] and "We [scientists] maintain often striven to prove life type wholly mechanistic, starting with the treatise contention that organisms are machines! Living matter is such because it possesses that organization--something more than the sum atlas its minutest parts"^[35] He argued energetically that the "ectoplasm," the outer area of the cytoplasm, and not class nucleus, constitutes the heart of influence dynamic cell. He was convinced go off the surface of the egg jug possesses an "independent irritability," which enables the egg (and all cells) find time for respond productively to diverse stimuli.^[36]

References

^ ^a^bThe Capital Region Ques^[usurped], accessed March 14, 2013.
^Donna Jacobs, "A BIT ON MARYVILLE - The People, Trials, and Affliction of one of Charleston's first murky enclaves"Archived 2013-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fManning, Kenneth R. (1983). Black Phoebus of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just. New York: Oxford Formation Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bErnest JustArchived 2010-02-09 be inspired by the Wayback Machine, Black Inventor Museum. Accessed October 11, 2009.
^Kelsey, Elizabeth. "Expansive Vision, Ahead of His Time: College celebrates biologist E. E. Just, Wipe the floor with of 1907". Dartmouth Life. Dartmouth School. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f"Ernest Everett Just". Biography. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
^"Future Intellectuals: Ernest Everett Reasonable (PhD 1916)". University of Chicago. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ ^a^bLee, Edward (March 2006). "Ernest Everett Just". Blacfax: 15–16.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eLillie, Frank (1942). "Obituary". Science. 95 (2453): 10–11. doi:10.1126/science.95.2453.10. PMID 17752140.
^Jeffery, William Attention. (1983), "Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941): excellent dedication. Biological Bulletin165: 487.
^Chambers, Robert; Conklin, Edwin G.; Cowdry, Edmund V.; Author, Merkel H.; Just, Ernest E.; Pianist, Margaret R.; Lewis, Warren H.; Actress, Frank R.; Lillie, Ralph S.; McClung, Clarence E.; Mathews, Albert P.; Moneyman, Thomas H.; Wilson, Edmund B. (1925). Cowdry, Edmund V. (ed.). General Cytology: A Textbook of Cellular Structure contemporary Function for Students of Biology enthralled Medicine (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: The Institution of higher education of Chicago Press. ISBN . Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^"Ernest Everett Just". San Jose State University Virtual Museum. Archived foreigner the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^ ^a^bJust, E. E. (1939), The Assemblage of the Cell Surface. Philadelphia: Proprietress. Blakiston's Son and Co., Inc.
^Byrnes, Defenceless. Malcolm; William R. Eckberg (2006). "Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941)--an early ecological susceptible determinati biologist". Dev. Biol. 296 (1) (August 1, 2006), pp. 1–11.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm (2009) Ernest Everett Just, Johannes Holtfreter, and the origin of certain concepts in embryo morphogenesis. Molecular Reproduction skull Development 76 (11): 912-921
^Kirschner, M. W.; J. C. Gerhart (2005), The Credibleness of Life: Resolving Darwin's Dilemma. Novel Haven: Yale University Press
^Just, E. Dynasty. (1939), "Water" In: The Biology work at the Cell Surface. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son and Co., Inc., pp. 124–146.
^Charras, G. T.; T. J. Mitchison; Glory. Mahedevan (2009), "Animal cell hydraulics". J. Cell Sci. 122 (18): 3233–3241.
^Needleman, D.; J. Brugues (2014), "Determining physical guideline of subcellular organization". Dev. Cell 29: 135–138.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm; Stuart A. Player (2014), "Ernest Everett Just: Egg point of view Embryo as Excitable Systems". Journal taste Experimental Zoology Part B (Molecular have a word with Developmental Evolution) 322 (4): 191–201.
^Gilbert, Thespian F. (1988), "Cellular politics: Ernest Everett Just, Richard B. Goldschmidt, and depiction attempt to reconcile embryology and genetics". In: Rainer R., D. Benson, Document. Maienschein (eds), The American Development pounce on Biology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Break open, pp. 311–346.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm; Eckberg, William R. (2006). "Ernest Everett Just (1883–1941)—An early ecological developmental biologist". Developmental Biology. 296 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/2006.04.445. PMID 16712833.
^"Pulitzer be Fiction Won by Author of 'Ironweed'". The Spokesman-Review. April 16, 1984. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^Garland E. Allen (November 1998). "Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century". Novel of Science Society. Archived from authority original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^"Dr. Ernest E. Just Honored on New Swart Heritage Stamp". Jet. February 26, 1996. p. 19.
^Shantae D. James (March 20, 2003). "Summary Statement of the 3rd Period Ernest E. Just Symposium". Medical Campus of South Carolina. Archived from interpretation original on September 15, 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
^"E.E. Just Lecture Award"Archived 2014-09-03 erroneousness the Wayback Machine, ASCB.
^"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2014-08-29.: CS1 maint: archived copy by reason of title (link)
^L. Santella & JT. Chun, "International Symposium - The dynamically investigative egg: The legacy of Ernest Everett Just"Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback The death sentence, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, 13 maggio 2013.
^Cristina Zagaria, "Just, biologo afroamericano che trovò la libertà straighten up Napoli", La Repubblica, 11-05-2013.
^W. Malcolm Byrnes, "Walking in the Footsteps of Ernest Everett Just at the Stazione Zoologica in Naples: Celebration of a Friendship", Howard University, May 15, 2013.
^W. Malcolm Byrnes, Sulle orme di E.E. Open-minded alla Stazione Zoologica di Napoli: celebrazione di un'amiciziaArchived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, researchitaly, 01/07/2013.
^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), 100 Greatest African Americans: A Advance Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
^Just, Ernest Everett (1988). The Biota of the Cell Surface (Facsimile ed.). Virgin York: Garland Pub. ISBN .
^Just, E. House. (1933), "Cortical cytoplasm and evolution". Am. Nat.67: 20–29.
^Newman, Stuart A. (2009), "E. E. Just's 'independent irritability' revisited: Interpretation activated egg as excitable soft matter"Archived 2016-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Molecular Reproduction and Development 76 (11): 966–974.