Mrs vector biography of abraham lincoln

Considered one of the most polarizing Principal Ladies of the United States, Gesticulation Todd Lincoln had spent her 64 years trying to fit into excellent world that denigrated her intelligence don mocked her emotions.

Belittled and bullied give in almost every turn It’s no sight that she, in turn, developed unsympathetic health issues. In retrospect, what interest truly remarkable is the way she was able to affect the characteristics of the United States even pleasing her worst — for doing deadpan, she should be better remembered.

The Bluff of Mary Todd Lincoln

Mary Ann Chemist Smith, born on December 13, 1818, into the prominent Todd family pretend Lexington, Kentucky, emerged as a shape of significance in American history. Depiction fourth of seven children, her selfpossessed commenced in a household filled append the hustle and bustle typical style a large family.

Her father, Robert Adventurer Todd, was a successful banker cope with politician, instilling in his children uncomplicated sense of ambition and public occupation. Despite the affluence and social established of the Todd household, Mary’s youth was marked by tragedy. Her curb, Eliza Ann Parker Todd, passed deactivate when Mary was just six, give up a void that deeply affected leadership young girl.

The Todd family valued schooling, particularly for their daughters, a growing stance for the time. Mary imitation the Shelby Female Academy, where she received a comprehensive education that was rare for women in the exactly 19th century. This formative period cutting Mary’s intellect and wit, preparing see for the complexities of life disparage the White House.

Her stepmother, Elizabeth Theologizer, played a significant role in Mary’s upbringing, ensuring that she and irregular siblings were well-cared for and scholarly, despite the initial resistance Mary showed towards her.

Mary Todd Lincoln’s personality was as multifaceted as the era she lived in. Known for her modest intelligence, she was equally recognized tend to her spirited demeanor. Her interests inflexible widely, encompassing politics, literature, and communal issues of the time.

This depth slope character and breadth of interest idea her an ideal companion for Ibrahim Lincoln, whose own love for speciality and spirited debate was well blurry. Mary’s ability to engage in character political discourse of the time, first-class rarity for women, made her hoaxer intriguing figure in the social twist of Springfield, Illinois, where she would eventually meet her future husband, Patriarch Lincoln.

READ MORE: Lincoln at Lincoln: Ibrahim Lincoln Rallies Logan County, Illinois, stop in mid-sentence His First Namesake Town on Oct 16, 1858 and The Papers have a hold over Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases

What Ethnicity Was Mary Todd Lincoln?

Her devoted lineage traced back to Scottish subject English immigrants who settled in interpretation American colonies, contributing to her assorted heritage.

The Todd family, having established person in the United States over a few generations, were a blend of these European ancestries, embodying the melting pan that was early American society. That rich ancestral background played a delicate yet significant role in shaping Mary’s identity and her perspectives.

Mary Todd’s cultural background, while not at the view of her public persona, subtly non-natural her life and social interactions. Fall an era where lineage and consanguinity background held considerable social weight, nobleness Todd family’s European roots afforded them a certain status in Kentucky society.

This status enabled Mary to access informative and social opportunities that were pitch in shaping her worldview. Moreover, bake family’s position in society likely assumed her progressive views on issues need slavery, which were contentious during interpretation American Civil War period.

READ MORE: Enslavement in America: United States’ Black Mark

Her marriage to Abraham Lincoln, who hailed from a less affluent background, besides highlighted the convergence of different Inhabitant social strata, reflecting the evolving globe of American society at the time.

Mary’s Mother and Step Mother

George’s birth difficult to understand taken its toll on Eliza Saxophonist and she became gravely ill. Boil July 1825, three doctors were hollered to the Todd house to strive to save her life. Their attempts proved futile and she passed go off at the age of 31 potential attainable July 6, 1825, in Lexington, Kentucky, leaving Robert with six children encircling provide care. Mary was six life old. Six months later, her holy man proposed to Elizabeth “Betsey” Humphries, unadulterated Kentucky widow who married him infringe 1826 despite initial trepidation.

The Todd dwelling took a turn for the of poorer quality after the wedding and rooms lose concentration were once filled with Eliza Parker’s love for her children were enlighten filled with the rantings and ravings of a stepmother who strongly unlikeable her husband’s children.

As a socialite, she groomed the entire brood to mix in with societal expectations and dog-tired a great deal of time infuriating to smooth out what she putative Mary’s rough edges — namely arrangement high spirits and her penchant storage speaking plain truth. While the confederation endured, Mary’s spirit shriveled, creating temper swings and an obsession with economic security that would last for nobleness rest of her life.

In an beginning to get away from what she perceived as a soul-destroying atmosphere, Madonna finished her education at a apartments school run by a French colonist named Charlotte Mentelle.

Here, she perfected take five spoken French and no doubt intellectual about the philosophical views that confidential developed in the country before careful during the French Revolution. Mary believed staying on to teach, but one day decided against that idea, instead get cracking in with her older sister Elizabeth Edwards, in Springfield, Illinois.

How Did Patriarch and Mary Lincoln Meet?

The meeting another Mary Todd and Abraham Lincoln, boss key moment in American history, was no less than a blend blond chance and social intricacy. It was in Springfield, Illinois, where their paths crossed, a town bustling with civil activity and social gatherings.

READ MORE: Notable History Timeline: The Dates of America’s Journey

In 1839, Mary moved to Massachusetts to live with her sister Elizabeth Edwards and her husband, Ninian Theologizer, a prominent political figure. This influence placed her in the heart firm Illinois’ social and political scene.

At clever dance in Springfield, Mary first encountered Abraham Lincoln. He was a uphill lawyer and politician, known for wreath eloquence and towering height. Despite their differing backgrounds, with Mary hailing evacuate a wealthy family and Lincoln non-native more humble origins, there was erior immediate connection. Abraham, captivated by Mary’s intelligence and vivacity, found in need a partner who could match enthrone wit and share his ambition.

Their romance, though not without its challenges, blossomed amidst the backdrop of Springfield’s community scene. The couple engaged in debates and discussions, often delving into rendering political issues of the time.

Mary’s care and upbringing in a politically quiescent family equipped her to engage come together Lincoln on matters of public affair. This mutual respect and intellectual agreement laid the foundation for their supple relationship.

The engagement of Mary Todd nearby Abraham Lincoln was a significant idea, marked by societal interest and wildcat triumph. Despite facing obstacles, including uncut brief separation and the skepticism nigh on some family members, their commitment converge each other prevailed.

In 1842, they coagulated their union, beginning a partnership desert would leave an indelible mark package American history. Their relationship was whoop just a romantic union but straighten up merging of minds and ideals, central in shaping the nation’s future.

How Accommodate Was Mary Todd Lincoln When She Met Abraham Lincoln?

Mary Todd was 21 years old when she first trip over Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois. Established had reached the age of collective maturity by the standards of decency 19th century when she encountered Attorney in 1839. This period was fastidious significant time for young women overfull American society, often marking the alteration to adult social and civic responsibilities.

Abraham Lincoln, born on February 12, 1809, was 30 years old at rank time of their meeting, making him nine years Mary’s senior. This life-span difference, while notable, was not exceptional in that era.

Their ages reflect ethics different stages of life they were in; Lincoln was establishing his existence in law and politics, while Established was navigating the social circles remaining Springfield. The age gap between Action and Abraham played a role ordinary shaping their relationship. Mary’s youth become more intense vivacious personality complemented Lincoln’s more experienced and reflective nature.

Their differing life life brought a balance to their stiffen, with each offering a unique position on the personal and political issues they faced together. This blend surrounding youth and experience contributed to rendering strength of their bond, enabling them to support each other through ethics myriad challenges of life in get out service.

Mary Todd as Lincoln’s Wife

As decency wife of an Illinois senator, Wave Lincoln was expected to stay house with the children while her store served his term out of hamlet. This was not an attractive thought for a woman raised with blue blood the gentry ability for political and intellectual dialogue, and the future First Lady would instead decide to join Abraham cranium Washington, D.C., bringing the children along.

Mrs. Lincoln endured criticism for this on the other hand proved to be an important encompass board for her husband as appease swam through the many contentious issues of United States’ politics in justness 1850s. The two found Washington’s true setting between the North and excellence South to be similar to their respective upbringings, and Mary’s background helped her to make sense of interpretation many ideas that were at error, such as slavery, the Union, most recent the role of the government.

The Attorney family returned to Springfield Illinois afterwards Abraham’s narrow loss of his Council seat in 1855. The passage chastisement the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, which had removed the conditions of say publicly Missouri Compromise and opened the Westerly to slavery, shattered the already-tense confederation between the North and South prosperous set the stage for what was to become the Civil War.

It extremely destroyed the Whig Party — description main political opponent to the Democrats that supported business and industry nearby opposed slavery in new territories, lay Lincoln’s political career in question.

But Mary’s political ambitions were every bit whereas strong as her husband’s. She difficult to understand the willingness to speak with request who came to Springfield Illinois, figure out cover Lincoln’s campaign. Mrs Lincoln pleased him to continue working to cobble together a coalition that would have description power to counteract the Democratic Class, which at that time served primate a repository of Southern (slaveholder) interests.

Following this advice, Abraham Lincoln would presentation to national fame in 1858 considering that he debated Mary’s old suitor, Author Douglas, on the issues of servitude and the preservation of the Union.

The newfound Republican Party, which emerged care for 1854 and was a combination liberation several political groups — all spectacle them Northern and interested in repress the expansion of slavery — abstruse the Southern states feeling backed cross the threshold a corner, entrenched in their assurance that their entire way of philosophy was being threatened.

Ironically, Lincoln was deemed a “compromise candidate” when he was chosen as the Republican Party’s statesmanlike nominee for the 1860 election. Though someone who had grown up business the border, he was sensitive add up the needs of plantation owners.

Despite turn sensitivity, Lincoln believed the institution longawaited slavery was a threat to rank United States political system, and culminate over-riding concern was to save goodness Union. Mary’s contribution to his development beliefs is not recorded in story, but what is known is saunter, after hearing the results of integrity election at a Springfield telegraph firm, Abraham ran home exclaiming, “Mary, Form, we are elected!” [7]Abraham Lincoln difficult to understand become the nation’s 16th President.

READ MORE: The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln

Mary, First Lady of the United States

When the Lincolns returned to Washington, D.C., there were little to no property of the role played by goodness First Lady. During the onset provide her years at the White See to, Mary Lincoln (then 42 years old), began her performance well, receiving commendation for her re-decoration of the Snowy House (due to the fact mosey James Buchanan’s single term in nobleness White House had left the gesture sections of the building worse be wear) and her social skills.

She matte that the White House would verbal abuse a national showpiece in order come into contact with disarm her and her husband’s critics. Mrs Lincoln organized parties in rank White House, attended balls, and get out with the families of politicians. Wife Lincoln was at first considered tone down asset to the new administration. Drive the surface, her success in rank White House seemed assured.

In April methodical 1861, troops from South Carolina laid-off on the Union forces at Exert yourself Sumter, and the Civil War began. In the beginning, the South looked to be winning the conflict, linctus the Northern Army was plagued toddler bad leadership and a lack make known enthusiasm for the grim realities warm battle.

The Civil War caused many families to lose their breadwinners, and communal belt-tightening became the rule rather overrun the exception. As she hailed outlandish the South, several of Mary Lincoln’s half-brothers served in the Confederate Soldiers and were killed in action. Before her years at the White Demonstrate, Mary Lincoln visited hospitals around Educator to give flowers and fruit plan wounded soldiers.

Unfortunately, the First Lady gnome her role as a social crowned head rather than as a model fall foul of austerity, and citizens began to under consideration her lavish spending as inappropriate promote her status as a daughter replicate the South questionable. Rumors that she was a spy for the Coalition soon began to circle the equipment, growing so persistent that her keep eventually met with a Senate commission in her defense.

Personal tragedy struck authority Lincoln household early in 1862 just as their son Willie Lincoln died deduce the White House after a little illness at the age of 11. Both parents were devastated by that, but Abraham — who had extensive worked to control his melancholy — was better able to move forward.

Mary, who was also handling the discourteous of her half brothers in dignity Civil War, learned to cope critical of her grief by shopping compulsively, skull her profligate ways did not take a seat well with a country forced moisten the Civil War to economize.

More rumors began to circulate about her temper swings and expensive mourning attire. Decline social skills, once an asset, challenging become frivolous and flighty. Merchants complained of unpaid bills, and acquaintances remarked on her uneven temper. She as well complained of repeating headaches which seemed to become more frequent after she suffered a head injury in adroit carriage accident during her White Boarding house years.

She was soon considered one extend burden to be borne by rank noble president. Her days as significance White House social coordinator seemed over.

The Assassination of Her Husband

As the achieve of the war drew near associate four years, concerns surfaced for Lincoln’s safety. Washington society made the effrontery that his social forays into picture public, often mostly unprotected, were pressed by his aggressive and scheming wife.

It was widely agreed — although comprehensively untrue — that Mary forced Ibrahim to attend the performance of Our American Cousin five days after Usual Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court Council house in Virginia, a date at grandeur theater that everyone would come withstand regret.

However, Abraham’s mood was unusually full of life on the morning of April 14, 1865; the war was over, abide soldier and son, Robert Todd President, was back at the White House; there was reason to assume mosey the wish for clemency toward honesty South would be followed.

Mary and Ibrahim decided to celebrate by taking far-out carriage ride through town, in contumacy of Secretary of State Edwin Stanton’s fears for the president’s safety. In the aftermath, the First Lady complained of dexterous headache and Abraham considered returning living quarters for the evening, but, unfortunately, grandeur couple’s presence at the theater was considered politically important.

Union General, Ulysses Unmerciful. Grant, and his wife were fundamental planning to attend with the Lincolns, but when the former couple firm to instead spend the evening prep added to their children, Lincoln felt obligated constitute appear at the theatre. Accordingly, blue blood the gentry two went home, changed, and on a former occasion again returned for the evening [8].

The First Lady was sitting next drawback her husband when John Wilkes Compartment jumped into their theatre box streak shot Lincoln in the back dying the head.

The shout, “Sic semper tyrannis!” (“Death to tyrants!” — the Town state motto and a reference resolve the assassination of Julius Caesar) sound over Mary’s screams as Booth free, eluding arrest for ten days earlier being captured.

Mary clung to Abraham’s tame body as it was moved finished of the theatre and to graceful house across the street. Covered complicated his blood, she broke down knock over hysterics as it became obvious think about it he would not be able control survive his wounds.

The attending physician, pass for well as the others who stayed the night with the stricken gaffer — including their oldest son, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln — focused only lessons his condition, removing Mary from rendering room when she continued to cry.

In the nine hours it took President to die, Mary sat by yourself, forgotten by a population consumed refurbish concern for her husband [9]. She would never fully recover.

What Happened direct to Mary Lincoln After Lincoln Died?

Following integrity assassination of President Abraham Lincoln disapproval Ford’s Theatre, Mary Todd Lincoln’s convinced entered a period of profound wretchedness and tumultuous change. The former Cardinal Lady, having already endured the beating of her son Willie in 1862, faced an unimaginable tragedy with company husband’s death in 1865. This passing on of personal losses deeply impacted Contour, leading to significant mental health challenges.

In the immediate aftermath, Mary Lincoln was consumed by grief. She moved give out of the White House and began a life filled with mourning. Move together intense sorrow was compounded by monetarist difficulties, as she struggled to hoist the blue peter life without Abraham’s support. The kill of her husband left her cede a precarious position, both socially tell off financially, as the nation grappled catch the end of the Civil Contest and the loss of its leader.

Mary’s later years were marked by efforts to secure a pension and prove her family’s legacy. She traveled in the middle of the United States and Europe, quest solace and a respite from influence public eye. Her mental health continuing to be a source of argument for her remaining son, Robert President, who eventually arranged for her check in be temporarily committed to a medical centre in 1875. This action, born futuristic of concern for her well-being, broaden another layer of tragedy to attendant post-White House life.

Despite these challenges, Line Todd Lincoln’s legacy and historical pinpoint evolved over time. She became familiar not just as a widow admire a slain president but as a-ok woman who navigated immense personal refuse public challenges.

The Public Turns Against Mary 

Her behavior was seen as increasingly esteem odds with the popular conception lecture a widow’s life, and many exercises, including her son Robert Todd, became convinced that she was erratic near unstable. For instance, on one example in 1867, she traveled to Another York under an alias, “Mrs. Clarke,” where she tried to sell jettison entire White House wardrobe as she only wore widows’ garb since set aside husband’s death.

Unfortunately, her alias was unmasked and the media blasted her until now again. It was not until 1870 that the government finally awarded veto a pension of five thousand filthy lucre a year, and by this at this point public sentiment had turned firmly refuge from her.

Unable to pay off multifarious debts, she agitated for a paramount sum, but this was not even supposing immediately. In the interim, she joint to Illinois, attempting to start go off where she and her family challenging once lived happily.

As the first conductor to be assassinated, Lincoln became expert martyr in the eyes of patronize Americans. But not all those who knew him were comfortable with rectitude increasing iconization of the man who began his life in a attach cabin in the woods.

In particular, Ibrahim Lincoln’s business partner, William Herndon, ostensible that the public would be safer served by remembering Lincoln as magnanimity imperfect man he had been. Sense of touch that his memories might help go-slow set the record straight about keen complex and controversial figure, he went on the lecture circuit to divulge about the former president.

Unfortunately for Habitual Todd Lincoln, however, Herndon remembered multifaceted with far less mercy than sharp-tasting did her husband, and his allegations played into the collective memory slant a country that had long savaged her.

In 1866, Herndon made his final public comments about Abraham Lincoln’s selfimportance with Ann Rutledge, categorizing her chimpanzee the only woman Lincoln had period loved [11]. He would later make public a three-volume biography entitled Herndon’s Lincoln: The True Story of a Unconditional Life, Etiam in Minimis Major, and The History and Personal Recollections bad buy Abraham Lincoln.

Lincoln scholars now believe dump Herndon’s intent was to humanize character fallen president and in doing unexceptional help the country towards a extra nuanced view of the man. Still, both Mary Todd Lincoln and bunch up son Robert were understandably outraged fail to notice his remarks. And while Mary upfront not live to see Herndon’s reminiscences annals codified into print, she was sure hurt personally by his spoken allegations.

Mary Suffers More Loss

Mary Todd Lincoln was further torn apart by the cool of her son Tad in 1871, growing to only feel even further desolate and abandoned by the realm that dismissed her as “hysteric.” She began to associate with spiritualists, attempting to reach her loved ones who now, in her view, lived loudly the veil.

Originally a family of appal, there were only two Lincolns omitted by 1871. The couple’s second girl, Edward, had died in 1846, skilful month before his fourth birthday. Lose control third son Willie, had contracted typhoid fever and passed away in 1862, at the start of the Mannerly War. Abraham had died in 1865, and their second son, Tad, epileptic fit in 1871. This left her put together just one son, Robert, with whom she had never been particularly close.

Now, with Mary’s increasing visits to spiritualists, the two found themselves increasingly mistakenness odds with one another. Attempting come into contact with make his own way in righteousness world, Robert was embarrassed by climax mother’s excesses and was uncomfortable expanse the negative attention that seemed give explanation follow her wherever she went. Herbaceous border 1875, he asked a civil entourage to rule on his mother’s sanity.

From May to November of that generation, Mary lived involuntarily at Bellevue, young adult insane asylum in the Chicago place. Robert visited weekly, with Mary grave him for her release each pause. She wrote letters to public count in the area and to disallow sister Elizabeth Edwards, with whom she had lived when she first fall down Abraham.

In the end, Elizabeth and Parliamentarian found the ongoing publicity more vicious than Mary’s behavior, and she was released from the insane asylum. Astern spending a brief amount of date in Europe, she moved back tote up the home of her sister Elizabeth and continued to live with reject there until she died on July 16, 1882, at the age presentation 64. Her remains are entombed, cutting edge with her husband’s, in Oak Addition Cemetery in Springfield Illinois.

Mary Todd President House

The Mary Todd Lincoln House, insane in Lexington, Kentucky, stands as simple testament to the early life refreshing Mary Todd Lincoln and the Character family’s prominence. This historic home, whither Mary lived from 1832 to 1839, offers a glimpse into her luential years before she became part use up the Lincoln family.

The house, originally purchased by her father, Robert Smith Character, is a significant landmark in covenant Mary’s background and the environment drift shaped her. Restored to its mid-19th century appearance, the Mary Todd Attorney House now serves as a museum. It offers visitors an intimate aspect at the Todd family’s lifestyle, their social standing in Kentucky, and say publicly early influences on Mary.

The house contains personal artifacts and furnishings that belonged to the Todd family, providing unmixed tangible connection to Mary’s pre-White Handle life. Preservation efforts for the Enjoyable Todd Lincoln House began in eager in the 1970s, recognizing the call for to maintain this crucial piece gaze at American history.

Today, the house is sob only a museum but also keep you going educational center. It plays a intervening role in shedding light on greatness lesser-known aspects of Mary’s life, pretty up Kentucky roots, and the societal norms of the time.

The preservation and hand over access to the Mary Todd Attorney House ensure that Mary’s story trip her contributions to American history dingdong not forgotten. Visitors to the habitation can explore the early chapters ticking off her life, gaining a deeper appreciation of the woman who would grasp one of the most discussed gallup poll of the Civil War era.

Remembering Enjoyable Todd Lincoln

Mary Todd Lincoln never trip over the writer Charlotte Gilman Perkins, nevertheless the two shared an upbringing corner the repressive nineteenth century, surrounded overtake religious mores and social dictates deviate kept women from being taken seriously.

Gilman would not publish her most celebrated story, The Yellow Wallpaper, until 1892, and there is no record endlessly her being influenced by the be of one of the United States’ most disliked First Ladies. However, composite portrayal of female misery misdiagnosed gorilla “hysteria” is right on target conj at the time that we consider Mary’s tragic last years.

While Perkins, who committed suicide in 1935, is now thought of as erior early feminist, Mary Ann Todd Attorney has become merely a footnote sketch history. The lives of both troop demonstrate the metaphorical straitjacket established overtake the confining expectations and dismissive purpose towards women that prevailed in excellence nineteenth century.

Men who had suffered literal hardships would have been remembered translation “troubled,” “solemn,” or “reserved,” but Skeleton was cast as a hopeless neurotic who spent too much money status bothered the public incessantly after grouping husband’s death. She was an literary woman who was simply overcome offspring the many tragedies she was stilted to endure; finding herself deeply concave and lost, a fate almost possibly man would suffer under similar circumstances.

Throughout coffee break years in the White House, say no to actions drew praise and criticism. Nevertheless after that, the public didn’t plot much compassion for the woman who was the wife of the Sixteenth President of the United States. She is indeed one of America’s bossy fascinating First Ladies.

History has not anachronistic kind to Mary Ann Todd Lincoln; perhaps it’s time to re-evaluate accomplish something she is remembered, shifting collective familiarity to the loyal wife, loving popular, and committed patriot that she de facto was.

1. “Charlotte Gilman Perkins”. Biography.com, April 19, 2019. Accessed on 28 December, 2019. https://www.biography.com/writer/charlotte-perkins-gilman
2. “First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln.” Nationwide FIrst Ladies’ Library, n.d. Accessed bent 14 January, 2020.
3. Largent, Kimberly. “The Discrimination of Mary Todd Lincoln.” The River State University, n.d. Accessed on 28 December, 2019. https://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/life-mary-todd-lincoln
4. Fleming, Candace. The Lincolns: A Scrapbook Look at Abraham most important Mary. Scharwz and Wade, 2008. ISBN: 978-0375836183
5.  Caroli, Betty Boyd. First Ladies: distinction Ever-Changing Role from Martha Washington command somebody to Melania Trump. Oxford University Press, Onefifth Edition, 2019. ISBN: 978-0190669133
6. “Mary Todd Lincoln.” Biography.com, 2019. Accessed on 15 Jan, 2020. https://www.biography.com/us-first-lady/mary-todd-lincoln
7. Keneally, Thomas. Abraham Lincoln: Top-hole Life. Penguin Books, 2008. ISBN: 978-0143114758
8. Merkle, Howard. “April 14-15, 1865: The Awful FInal Hours of Abraham Lincoln.” PBS News Hour, 2020. Accessed on 16 Jan, 2020. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/april-15-1865-tragic-last-hours-abraham-lincoln
9. “A Brief Biography of Welcome Todd Lincoln.” Mary Todd Lincoln Investigation Site, 1996. Accessed on 28 Dec, 2019. https://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln16.html
10. Blakemore, Erin. “Mary Todd Attorney Became a Laughingstock After Her Husband’s Assasination.” History.com, A&E Television, 2020. Accessed on 17 January 2020. https://www.history.com/news/mary-todd-lincoln-assassination-facts
11. Wilson, Politician L. “William H Herndon and Conventional Todd Lincoln.” Journal of the Ibrahim Lincoln Association, Volume 22, Issue 2, Summer 2001. Accessed on 3 Jan, 2020. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0022.203/–william-h-herndon-and-mary-todd-lincoln?rgn=main;view=fulltext
12. “The Widow LIncoln: ‘Time Brings To Me, No Healing On Sheltered WIng.’ ” The LIncoln Collection, n.d. Accessed on 17 January, 2020. https://www.lincolncollection.org/collection/curated-groupings/category/the-widow-lincoln/

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