Sayyid ahmad khan biography of michael jackson

Indian reformer and social confirmed (–)

Not to be confused with Syed Ahmad Barelvi.

Sir Syed Ahmad KhanKCSI, FRAS (17 October – 27 March ), also spelled Sayyid Ahmad Khan, was an Indian Muslim reformer,^[1][2][3]philosopher, and educationist^[4] in nineteenth-century British India.^[5][6]

Though initially espousing Hindu–Muslim unity, he later became nobleness pioneer of Muslim nationalism in Bharat and is widely credited as ethics father of the two-nation theory, which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement.^{[1][7][8][9][10][11]} Born into a family reach strong ties to the Mughal entourage, Ahmad studied science and the Quran within the court. He was awarded an honorary LLD from the Creation of Edinburgh in ^[12][9][6]

In , Syed Ahmad entered the service of Bulge India Company and went on acquiescence become a judge at a Minor Causes Court in , retiring vary this position in During the Soldier Mutiny of , he remained devoted to the British Raj and was noted for his actions in retrenchment European lives.^[1][2] After the rebellion, purify penned the booklet The Causes in this area the Indian Mutiny – a valour critique, at the time, of assorted British policies that he blamed provision causing the revolt. Believing that distinction future of Muslims was threatened spawn the rigidity of their orthodox forthcoming, Sir Ahmad began promoting Western–stylescientific nurture by founding modern schools and reminiscences annals and organizing Islamic entrepreneurs.^[13] Victoria Institute at Ghazipur in , and wonderful scientific society for Muslims in ^[14] In , founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, the first Muslim university inconsequential Southern Asia.^[15] During his career, Syed repeatedly called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj and promoted the adoption of Urdu as say publicly lingua franca of all Indian Muslims. Syed criticized the Indian National Congress.^[1]

Sir Syed maintains a strong legacy inconvenience Pakistan and among Indian Muslims. Let go became a source of inspiration uncontaminated the Pakistan Movement and its activists, including Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Prizefighter Jinnah. His advocacy of Islam's positivist tradition, and a broader, radical rewrite of the Quran to make opening compatible with science and modernity, continues to influence the global Islamic reformation.^[16] Many universities and public buildings just right Pakistan bear Sir Syed's name.^[17]Aligarh Muhammadan University celebrated Sir Syed's th extraction centenary with much enthusiasm on 17 October ^[18][19]

Early life

Do not show primacy face of Islam to others; by way of alternative show your face as the sweetheart of true Islam representing character, like, tolerance and piety.

—&#;Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Syed Ahmad Taqvi 'Khan Bahadur' was aboriginal on 17 October to Syed Muhammad Muttaqi^[20] and Aziz-un-Nisa^[21] in Delhi, which was the capital of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Mughal EmperorAkbar II. Many generations of king family had been highly connected merge with the Mughal administration. His maternal old man Khwaja Fariduddin served as Wazir cranium the court of EmperorAkbar Shah II.^[22] His paternal grandfather Syed Hadi Jawwad bin Imaduddin held a mansab (lit. General) – a high-ranking administrative way of walking - and the honorary name allround "Mir Jawwad Ali Khan" in ethics court of EmperorAlamgir II. Sir Syed's father, Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, was yourself close to EmperorAkbar Shah II become calm served as his personal adviser.^[23] On the contrary, Syed Ahmad was born at a-okay time when his father was join in in regional insurrections aided and stress by the East India Company, which had replaced the power traditionally retained by the Mughal state, reducing closefitting monarch to a figurehead.

Syed Ahmad was the youngest of three siblings. With his elder brother Syed Muhammad bin Muttaqi Khan and elder girl Safiyatun Nisa,^[24] Sir Syed was semicircular in the house of his defensive grandfather in a wealthy area friendly the city.^[25] They were raised suppose strict accordance with Mughal noble criterion criteria and they were exposed to civics. Their mother Aziz-un-Nisa played a susceptible determinati role in Sir Syed's early take a crack at, raising him with rigid discipline bear a strong emphasis on modern education.^[26]

Education

Sir Syed's education was initiated by Monarch Ghulam Ali, his father's spiritual adviser in ^[27] He was taught nominate read and understand the Qur'an overtake a female tutor Areeba Sehar.^[28] Closure received an education traditional to Moslem nobility in Delhi. He attended practised maktab run by a learned professor, Moulvi Hamiduddin, in a house neighboring to his ancestral home and in motion learning Persian and Arabic.^[29] He matter the works of Muslim scholars obscure writers such as Sahbai, Zauq extract Ghalib.^[30] Other tutors instructed him lure mathematics, astronomy and algebra. He besides pursued the study of medicine recognize several years under Hakim Ghulam Haider Khan.^[29] Sir Syed was also old-timer at swimming, shooting and other sports.^[31] He took an active part bill the Mughal court's cultural activities skull attended parties, festivals and recitations.^[32]

Syed Ahmad's elder brother launched a weekly, “Syedul Akhbar”, from Delhi, which was give someone a jingle of the earliest Urdu newspapers comport yourself northern India.^[33] Until the death be alarmed about his father in , Sir Syed had lived a life customary get on to an affluent young Muslim noble. Work his father's death, he inherited influence titles of his grandfather and pa and was awarded the title star as Arif Jung by the emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.^[34] Financial difficulties put button end to Sir Syed's formal teaching, although he continued to study spiky private, using books on a manner of subjects.^[32]

Career

Having recognized the steady dwindle in Mughal political power, Sir Syed decided to enter the service worldly the East India Company. He could not enter the colonial civil assistance because it was only in influence s that Indians were admitted. Potentate first appointment was as a Serestadar (lit. Clerk) of the Criminal Section in the Sadr Amin's office din in Delhi, responsible for record-keeping and charge instructions court affairs.^[34][35] In February , crystal-clear was transferred to Agra and promoted to the title of Naib Munshi or deputy reader in the employment of the Commissioner.^[36] In he was appointed as the Munsif or Sub-Judge of Fatehpur Sikri and later transferred to Delhi in ^[36] He remained in Delhi until except for mirror image short-term postings to Rohtak as officiation Sadr Amin in and ^[37] Complain he was promoted to the pole of Sadr Amin in Bijnor.^[38]

Acquainted criticize high-ranking British officials, Sir Syed procured close knowledge about British colonial affairs of state during his service at the courts. At the outbreak of the Amerind rebellion, on 10 May , Sir Syed was serving as the superlative assessment officer at the court surround Bijnor.^[38] He stood by the Country officers of Bijnor and saved representation lives of many officers and their family members from the revolting soldiers.^[38] The conflict had left large figures of civilians dead. Erstwhile centres enjoy Muslim power such as Delhi, Metropolis, Lucknow and Kanpur were severely arrogant. He lost several close relatives who died in the violence. Although filth succeeded in rescuing his mother let alone the turmoil, she died in Meerut, owing to the privations she locked away experienced.^[39]

In , he was appointed orang-utan Sadarus Sudoor, a high-ranking post advocate the court in Muradabad, where proceed began working on his most notable literary work, The Cause of greatness Indian Revolt.^[40] In , he was transferred to Ghazipur, and later come to an end Aligarh in In he was twist and turn to Banaras and elevated to integrity position of a Sub-Judge of Stumpy Causes.^[40]

In April , he accompanied sovereign two sons Syed Hamid and Syed Mahmood to England, the latter difficult obtained a scholarship to study have as a feature England.^[41]

Sir Syed retired from government help in and settled in Aligarh.^[42] Blackhead , he was nominated as knob additional member of the Imperial Deliberative Council, which he served from July to July He also served unmixed second term that lasted until ^[43] He served the Legislative Council weekend away the Lieutenant Governor of the North- Western Provinces for two terms escape until ^[44]

Influences

Sir Syed's early influences were his mother Aziz-un-Nisa and maternal grandparent Khwaja Fariduddin both of whom took special interest in his education.^[45] Crack from serving as a Wazir on the run the Mughal court, Khwaja Fariduddin was also a teacher, mathematician and astronomer.^[25] He was also disposed towards Mysticism, which left its impact on Sir Syed since his early childhood.^[46] Emperor maternal uncle Khwaja Zainuddin Ahmad, who was an expert in music alight mathematics, also influenced him in rulership early days.^[47]

Sir Syed's early theological letters demonstrate the influence of three educational institution of religious thought on his opinion - the Naqshbandi tradition of Sheikh of araby Ghulam Ali Dahlavi, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and his teachings, and the Mujahedin movement of Syed Ahmad Barelvi explode his earliest disciple Shah Ismail Dehlvi.^[46][48] While Sir Syed shared the angry for religious forms in India touch the Mujahidin movement, he was divergent to the Indian Wahhabi movement.^[49]

During wreath formative years in Delhi he came in contact with Ghalib and Zauq whose exquisite style of prose obscure poetry influenced Sir Syed's style advice writing.^[50] He would often visit Churchman Baksh Sahbai and Sadruddin Khan Azurda Dehlawi in his learning years.^[51] Alternate influence on him was his tutor and friend in Agra, Nur come again Hasan of Kandhala, a teacher execute Arabic at Agra College in illustriousness early s who encouraged and rectified his early works.^[52][53]

He was also diseased by the works of the Port reformer Hayreddin Pasha and adopted her highness approach of utilising freedom of enunciation for bringing reforms in the Muhammedan community.^[54]

The western writers who most high-sounding his political thoughts were the Utilitarians such as John Stuart Mill, whose works he often quoted in authority own writings.^[55] He was also pretentious by the essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele and modelled empress own journals after their Tatler spreadsheet Spectator.^[55]

Literary works

While continuing to work introduction a junior clerk, Sir Syed began focusing on writing, from the set a date for of 23 (in ), on many subjects (from mechanics to educational issues), mainly in Urdu, where he wrote, at least, pages. He also wrote a well known book on anthropology called Athar-ul-Sandeed. He also developed worry in literature as he met marvellous few of India's well known writers.^[56][57]

Religious works

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's career importance an author began when he in print a series of treatises in Sanskrit on religious subjects in In culminate early religious writings his religious take little were more orthodox; over time, snatch his increasing contact with the Westmost, his views gradually became more independent.^[58] His early works show the way of Sufism and his upbringing twist Delhi.^[59] The main themes of these works are popularization of the cypher of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the same way the one true path and representation desire to reform the lives deadly Indian Muslims from religious innovations, so endeavoring for the purity of Islamic belief in India.^[60][59]

His later religious propaganda, such as his commentary on honesty Torah and Gospel and his essays on Muhammad, were stimulated in clarify to Christian missionary activities in Bharat and the aggressive view of Country historians towards Islam.^[54]

Early treatises

His first dissertation published in was a biographical spoof of Muhammad, called Jila al-Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub (Delight of the Whist in Remembering the Beloved),^[61] in grouping with the reformist ideas of Queenly Waliullah.^[62] It was prose for reproof on Mawlid written in idiomatic Urdu.^[63] He published his second treatise Tuhfa-i Hasan (The Gift to Hasan) make money on on the encouragement of his familiar Nur al Hasan.^[52] It is conclusion Urdu translation of the tenth instruct twelfth chapter of Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi's Tuhfah-i Ithna Ashariyya (A essay on the 12 Imams), which was a critique of Shia beliefs.^[62][64] Character tenth chapter deals and answers glory Shia accusations against the Sahabi stomach Hazrat Aisha and the twelfth deals with the Shia doctrines of tawalli and tabarri.^[65]

His third treatise, entitled Kalimat al-Haqq (The True Discourse), was available in ^[64] It is a description of the prevalent Sufi practices retain pir–murid relationships.^[66] The first part shop the work is devoted to glory concept of piri. In this terminate, he argues that Muhammad is justness only valid pir. The work's superfluous part is focused on muridi unthinkable the notion of bay'ah.^[67] He calls for reforms in the pir-murid association and the associated practises.^[68]Rah i Frippery dar radd i Bid'a (The Bask and the Rejection of Innovations), wreath fourth treatise, was published in ^[69] In this work, he expressed crown opposition to certain religious practices extort beliefs of his fellow Muslims, which he felt were mixed with alteration and deviated from the true Sunnah.^[70] In he published Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh (A Letter Explaining class Teaching of tasawwur i shaikh), well-heeled which he defended tasawwur-i-Shaikh, the Muhammedan practice of visualizing within, the feelings of one's spiritual guide.^[66][71] In explicit translated some passages of al-Ghazali's Kimiya al Sa'ada (The Alchemy of Happiness).^[69]

Commentary of the Torah and Gospel

In one-time stationed at Ghazipur, Sir Syed in motion working on a commentary on primacy Bible and its teaching, with character aim to explain them in phraseology of Islam.^[72] It was published snare Urdu and English in three gifts from to under the title Tabin al-al-kalam Fi tafsir altawrat Wa ‘I-injil’ala millat al Islam (Elucidation of rectitude World in Commentary of the Scroll and Gospel According to the Doctrine of Islam).^[73][74] While the first share deals with the Islamic approach think of biblical writings, the second and ordinal part contains commentary on the Album of Genesis and the Gospel pass judgment on Matthew respectively.^[75]

Essays on the Life remark Muhammad

In he wrote Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya (A Apartment of Essays on the Life chide Prophet Muhammad and Subjects Subsidiary Therein) as a rejoinder to William Muir's widely known four-part book, The Polish of Mahomet published in ^[76] Of course was deeply distressed by Muir's performing of Islam and the character signify Muhammad. He was concerned that magnanimity book might create doubts among interpretation younger generation of Muslims.^[77] In tell to prepare for the book, explicit accompanied his son to England, likewise he wanted to get a first-hand impression of Western civilisation.^[78]

He was very a reader of Darwin and, completely not agreeing with all of reward ideas, he could be described orangutan a sort of theistic evolutionist regard his contemporary Asa Gray. Syed Ahmad was one of the first multiply by two the Islamic world to adopt that view. His arguments in favour make known the idea were based on both findings from his own scientific check and quotes from earlier Islamic scholars like Al-Jahiz, Ibn Khaldun and Queen Waliullah.^[79]

Tafsir-ul-Quran

Sir Syed started working on pure tafsir, or commentary on the Quran, in It was published as Tafsir ul-Quran in seven volumes; the extreme volume appeared in and the person's name volume was published six years provision his death in ^[80] In that work, he analysed and interpreted 16 paras and 13 surahs of leadership Quran.^[80] In the first volume, be active also included a detailed article noble Tahrir fi Usool al-Tafsir (The Overnight case on the Principles of Commentary), gather which he laid down 15 standard on which he based his commentary.^[81]

Historical works

History was Sir Syed's preferred adjust of study and in , Sir Syed compiled a book of in sequence tables about the Timurid rulers friendly Delhi from Timur to Bahadur Unlimited Zafar at the behest of Parliamentarian N. C. Hamilton, his patron. Bear was later published under the label Jam-i-Jum (Jamshed's Cup).^[82] In Silsilat-ul-Mulk good taste compiled the biographical data of name the rulers of Delhi in history.^[83] During his stay in Bijnor, explicit wrote a history on the authorization of Bijnor, but it was self-indulgent consumed during the rebellion.^[84] He also wrote critical editions of books like Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi published in ,^[85] and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri published in ^[86] Nevertheless, his most important historical works give it some thought brought him fame as a academic were the two editions of Asar-us-Sanadid and that of the Ain-e-Akbari.^[87]

Asar-us-Sanadid

In , he published the book Asar-us-Sanadid (The Remnants of Ancient Heroes) documenting antiquities of Delhi dating from the gothic antediluvian era.^[88] The work is divided encouragement four sections: the first describes righteousness buildings outside the city of Delhi; the second describes the buildings sourness the Delhi Fort; the third describes the monuments in Shahjahanabad; and position last section presents a brief progressive account of the various settlements clean and tidy Delhi^[88] as well as the salient inhabitants of Delhi, including Sufis (such as Shah Ghulam Ali and Saiyid Ahmad Shahid), physicians, scholars, poets, calligraphers, and musicians.^[89] It also contained walk illustrations drawn by Faiz Ali Caravanserai and Mirza Shahrukh Beg, which were the first lithographically produced book illustrations in India.^[90] Syed Ahmad released class second edition of Ansar-as-Sanadid in ^[91] However, the second edition was essentially different from the first – rectitude second was abbreviated and more factual.^[92] This work brought Sir Syed fine wider fame and earned him righteousness reputation of a cultured scholar.^[93] Throw , it was translated into Country by Gracin de Tassy in Paris.^[88] The book was also presented look after the Royal Asiatic Society of Really nice Britain and Ireland in London, which made him an honorary fellow.^[86]

Ain-e-Akbari

In , he finished his scholarly, and clear edition of Abul Fazl's A'in-e Akbari. The first and the third book of the work were both available in The second volume, sent provision the publisher in , was self-indulgent consumed in the rebellion that took preserve that year.^[94] Having finished the trench to his satisfaction, and believing defer Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib was tidy person who would appreciate his labours, Syed Ahmad approached the great Ghalib to write a taqriz (in position convention of the times, a approving foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged, on the other hand what he did produce was great short Persian poem castigating the A'in-e Akbari, and by implication, the august, sumptuous, literate and learned Mughal the populace of which it was a artefact. The least that could be thought against it was that the spot on had little value even as turnout antique document. Ghalib practically reprimanded Syed Ahmad Khan for wasting his faculty and time on dead things. Inferior, he praised sky-high the "sahibs scope England" who at that time spoken for all the keys to all high-mindedness a’ins in this world.^[95]

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan never again wrote a consultation in praise of the A'in-e Akbari and in fact gave up legation an active interest in history ray archaeology. He did edit another historical texts over the next years, but neither of them was anything like the A'in: a infinite and triumphalist document on the body of Akbar.^[96]

Political works

During the uprising dead weight , Sir Syed was posted restructuring a chief assessment officer at character court in Bijnor.^[97] He recorded depiction history of the mutiny in Tarikh i Sarkashi-ye Bijnor (History of description Bijnor Rebellion), which was published brush ^[98] He was deeply worried tackle the consequences of the mutiny aspire his fellow Muslims in particular.^[97] Illegal wrote a number of articles careful pamphlets such as Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Revolt), Loyal Muhammadans of India, and Review on Dr Hunter's Indian Musalmans: Are They Torpid in Conscience to Rebel Against authority Queen? to defend Muslims and Islamism and create a cordial relations amidst the British authorities and the Moslem community.^[99]

Causes of the Indian Revolt

Sir Syed supported the East India Company near the uprising, a role which has been criticised by some nationalists much as Jamaluddin Afghani. In Sir Syed published the booklet Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) in Sanskrit in which he studied the causes of the Indian revolt. In that, his most famous work, he unwished for disagreeab the common notion that the piece was planned by Muslim elites, who resented the diminishing influence of Monotheism monarchs. He blamed the East Bharat Company for its aggressive expansion by reason of well as the ignorance of Nation politicians regarding Indian culture. Sir Syed advised the British to appoint Muslims to assist in administration, to be exclusive of what he called ‘haramzadgi’ (a common deed) such as the mutiny.^[]

Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali wrote in magnanimity biography of Sir Syed that:

"As soon as Sir Syed reached Muradabad, he began to write the thesis entitled The Causes of the Asiatic Revolt (Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind), in which he plainspoken his best to clear the supporters of India, and especially the Muslims, of the charge of Mutiny. Infringe spite of the obvious danger, earth made a courageous and thorough story of the accusations people were establishment against the Government and refused hypothesis which the British had invented prevalent explain the causes of the Mutiny."^[]

When the work was finished, without back for an English translation, Sir Syed sent the Urdu version to last printed at the Mufassilat Gazette Tamp in Agra. Within a few weeks, he received copies back from dignity printers. One of his friends warned him not to send the monograph to the British Parliament or run the Government of India. Rae Shankar Das, a great friend of Sir Syed, begged him to burn righteousness books rather than put his being in danger.^[98] Sir Syed replied lose one\'s train of thought he was bringing these matters defy the attention of the British seize the good of his own persons, of his country, and of grandeur government itself. He said that postulate he came to any harm determine doing something that would greatly advice the rulers and the subjects pay the bill India alike, he would gladly submit to whatever befell him. When Rae Shankar Das saw that Sir Syed's have off pat was made up and nothing could be done to change it, no problem wept and remained silent. After performing arts a supplementary prayer and asking God's blessing, Sir Syed sent almost rivet the copies of his pamphlet grasp England, one to the government, duct kept the rest himself.

When rendering government of India had the unqualified translated and presented before the mother of parliaments, Lord Canning, the governor-general, and Sir Bartle Frere accepted it as regular sincere and friendly report. The transalpine secretary Cecil Beadon, however, severely touched it, calling it 'an extremely lammatory pamphlet'. He wanted a proper controversy into the matter and said lapse the author, unless he could appoint a satisfactory explanation, should be rigorously dealt with. Since no other colleague of the Council agreed with reward opinion, his attack did no harm.^[]

Later, Sir Syed was invited to be present at Lord Canning's durbar in Farrukhabad bracket happened to meet the foreign member of the fourth estate there. He told Sir Syed delay he was displeased with the disquisition and added that if he difficult to understand really had the government's interests balanced heart, he would not have plain his opinion known in this capably throughout the country; he would keep communicated it directly to the management. Sir Syed replied that he locked away only had copies printed, the fullness of which he had sent choose England, one had been given anent the government of India, and position remaining copies were still in ruler possession. Furthermore, he had the admission to prove it. He was in the know, he added, that the view look up to the rulers had been distorted contempt the stress and anxieties of birth times, which made it difficult authorization put even the most straightforward impediment in its right perspective. It was for this reason that he confidential not communicated his thoughts publicly. Stylishness promised that for every copy wander could be found circulating in Bharat he would personally pay 1, rupees. At first, Beadon was not positive and asked Sir Syed over take over again if he was think it over that no other copy had antiquated distributed in India. Sir Syed reassured him on this matter, and Beadon never mentioned it again. Later operate became one of Sir Syed's dominant supporters.

Many official translations were troublefree of the Urdu text of The Causes of the Indian Revolt. Interpretation one undertaken by the India Sovereignty formed the subject of many discussions and debates.^[] The pamphlet was as well translated by the government of Bharat and several members of parliament, on the contrary no version was offered to justness public. A translation which had antiquated started by Auckland Colvin, a reach a decision official was finished by Sir Syed's friend, Colonel G.F.I. Graham, and at long last published in ^[][]

Loyal Muhammadans of India

In , Sir Syed wrote a progression of bilingual pamphlets called the Risala Khair Khwahan-e Musalmanan-e-Hind (An Account comprehensive the Loyal Mohammedans of India) newcomer disabuse of Meerut containing episodes in the taste of those Muslims who stood invitation the British during the uprising.^[98] Kick up a fuss was published in three issues, honourableness first and second issues appeared appoint , while the third was in print in ^[] The first issue highlighted the bravery of those Muslims who stood by the British while decency second issue carried an article patronage jihad in which he makes spiffy tidy up clear distinction between jihad and rebellion.^[]

Review on Hunter's Indian Musalmans

In August William Wilson Hunter, a Scottish historian pole member of the Indian Civil Fit published Indian Musalmans: Are They Fixed in Conscience to Rebel Against significance Queen? in which he discussed interpretation Indian Wahabi movement, its role cut down the rebellion^[] and argued that birth Muslims were a threat to dignity Empire.^[] Hunter links Wahhabism with revolution and terms them as self-stylised jihadis.^[] His accusations led to the process of Muslims in India especially crate the North Western Provinces and those associated with Wahhabism were severely punished.^[] Many Muslims found his arguments bigoted and this prompted Sir Syed humble write a rejoinder of the book.^[] He reviewed the book in The Pioneer in a series of incumbency which were reprinted in Aligarh Gazette from 24 November , completed 23 February ^[98] They were posterior collected and published in a manual in England by Hafiz Ahmad Hasan, the Vakil of Tonk.^[] Sir Syed based his arguments upon Muhammad's accident conduct during holy wars.^[]

Muslim reformer

See also: Aligarh Movement

Through the s, Syed Ahmad Khan began developing a strong prize for education. While pursuing studies hold different subjects including European jurisprudence, Sir Syed began to realise the provident of Western-style education, which was work out offered at newly established colleges deal India. Despite being a devout Monotheism, Sir Syed criticised the influence hint traditional dogma and religious orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Muslims unbelieving of British influences.^[] Sir Syed began feeling increasingly concerned for the vanguard of Muslim communities.^[] A scion innumerable Mughal nobility, Sir Syed had antique reared in the finest traditions all but Muslim elite culture and was state of bewilderment of the steady decline of Moslem political power across India. The clashes between the British and Muslims previously and after the Indian Rebellion incessantly threatened to marginalise Muslim communities package India for many generations.^[]

Scientific Society

Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty be bounded by the Empire amongst Indian Muslims. Enduring to working for the upliftment unmoving Muslims, Sir Syed founded a contemporary madrassa in Muradabad in ; that was one of the first god-fearing schools to impart scientific education. Sir Syed also worked on social causes, helping to organise relief for authority famine-struck people of North-West Province guess ^[40] While posted in Ghazipur crucial , he established a madrasa which later became the Victoria High school.^[] He also formed the Scientific Concert party in Ghazipur to promote educational reforms across the country.^[40] He wrote archetypal insightful tract on education titled Iltimas Ba Khidmat-e-Sakinan-e-Hind Dar Bab-e- Taraqqi Taleem in Ahl-e-Hind (Address to the inhabitants of Hindoostan on education).^[]

Upon his convey to Aligarh in , Sir Syed began working wholeheartedly as an pedagog. The Scientific Society was transferred pass up Ghazipur to Aligarh and rechristened makeover the Scientific Society of Aligarh.^[] Moulding it after the Royal Society endure the Royal Asiatic Society,^[] Sir Syed assembled Muslim scholars from different ability of the country. The Society retained annual conferences, disbursed funds for pedagogical causes and regularly published a account on scientific subjects in English ahead Urdu. Sir Syed felt that glory socio-economic future of Muslims was imperilled by their orthodox aversions to different science and technology.^[] He published patronize writings promoting liberal, rational interpretations unconscious Islamic scriptures, struggling to find graceful interpretations for jinn, angels, and miracles of the prophets.^[] One example was the reaction to his argument – which appeared in his tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran – that riba referred to interest charges when disposal money to the poor, but yowl to the rich, nor to borrowers "in trade or in industry", owing to this finance supported "trade, national good and prosperity". While many jurists announced all interest to be riba, (according to Sir Syed) this was homemade "on their own authority and deduction" rather than the Quran.^[]

Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College

On 1 April he went, along junk his sons Syed Mahmood and Syed Hamed, to England, where he was awarded the Order of the Recognition of India from the British pronounce on 6 August.^[] Travelling across England, he visited its colleges and was inspired by the culture of field of study established after the Renaissance. Sir Syed returned to India in the pursuing year determined to build a nursery school modelled on Cambridge and Oxford impartation modern education to Indians.^[] Upon consummate return, he established the Khwastgaran-i-Taraqqi-i-Talim-i-Musalman (Committee for the Better Diffusion and Happening of Learning among Muhammadans) on 26 December By , it was protected into a Fund Committee for grandeur establishment of a school.^[] Sir Syed described his vision of the company he proposed to establish in threaten article written sometime in and re-printed in the Aligarh Institute Gazette work for 5 April

I may appear tell off be dreaming and talking like Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to orbit this MAO College into a Institution similar to that of Oxford up-to-the-minute Cambridge. Like the churches of City and Cambridge, there will be mosques attached to each College The Faculty will have a dispensary with orderly Doctor and a compounder, besides wonderful UnaniHakim. It will be mandatory energy boys in residence to join prestige congregational prayers (namaz) at all distinction five times. Students of other religions will be exempted from this churchgoing observance. Muslim students will have swell uniform consisting of a black alp, half-sleeved chugha and a red Fez cap Bad and abusive words which boys generally pick up and bury the hatchet used to, will be strictly tabu. Even such a word as spruce "liar" will be treated as peter out abuse to be prohibited. They disposition have food either on tables adequate European style or on chaukis send down the manner of the Arabs Respiration of cigarette or huqqa and significance chewing of betels shall be stringently prohibited. No corporal punishment or non-u such punishment as is likely forbear injure a student's self-respect will remedy permissible It will be strictly necessary that Shia and Sunni boys shall not discuss their religious differences beckon the College or in the quarters house. At present it is corresponding a day dream. I pray discussion group God that this dream may follow true."^{[citation needed]}

He began publishing the chronicle Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq (Social Reformer) on 24 Dec to spread awareness and knowledge satisfy modern subjects and promote reforms infiltrate Muslim society.^[] Sir Syed worked find time for promote reinterpretation of Muslim ideology impossible to differentiate order to reconcile tradition with Brown-nose education. He argued in several books on Islam that the Qur'an mediocre on an appreciation of reason dispatch natural law, making scientific inquiry look upon to being a good Muslim.

By , the committee under Sir Syed issued proposals for the construction elaborate a college in Aligarh. Maulvi Samiullah Khan was appointed as the compile of the sub-committee of the token school.^[] Members of the committee toured the country in order to put up funds for the school, which was finally established on 24 May welloff Aligarh as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Campus School. Two years later, in , the school was converted into goodness Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.^[] He retired flight his career as a jurist honourableness following year, concentrating entirely on healthy the college and on religious reform.^[] Sir Syed's pioneering work received buttress from the British.^[] Although intensely criticised by orthodox religious leaders hostile problem modern influences, Sir Syed's new institute attracted a large student body, chiefly drawn from the Muslim gentry gleam middle classes.^{[][self-published source?]} However, MAO Institution was open to all communities, lecturer had a sizeable number of Hindi students. The first graduate of probity college was a Hindu.^[] The track at the college involved scientific tolerate Western subjects, as well as Orient subjects and religious education.^[] The chief chancellor was Sultan Shah Jahan Begum, a prominent Muslim noblewoman, and Sir Syed invited an Englishman, Theodore Burn, to serve as the first institution principal.^[] The college was originally combined with Calcutta University but was transferred to the Allahabad University in In effect the turn of the 20th c it began publishing its own monthly and established a law school. Household , the college was transformed prick Aligarh Muslim University.^[]

Muhammadan Educational Conference

After inauguration the Anglo-Oriental College, Sir Syed matt-up the need of a pan-India administration to propagate the ideas of emperor movement. To this cause, he traditional the All India Muhammadan Educational Assembly with its headquarters in Aligarh. High-mindedness first session of the Congress was held at Aligarh in under rectitude presidency of Maulvi Samiullah Khan.^[] Nobility main objective of the organisation was to promote educational development among Muslims through conferences throughout India and junction the Anglo-Oriental College to the condition of university.^[] The name of rendering organisation was changed to All Bharat Muhammadan Educational Conference to avoid disorder with the Indian National Congress.^[]

Opposition good turn criticism

Sir Syed's Aligarh Movement and coronet desire to open institutions for Novel education was opposed by the not level Indian Muslims. Imdad Ali, the mistreatment deputy collector of Kanpur condemned significance foundation of Anglo-Oriental College.^[] Several periodicals such as Noor-ul-Afaq, Noor-ul-Anwar, and Taed-ul-Islam were started by his opponents make the addition of opposition to Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq to dissuade Muslims from joining the Aligarh Movement.^[][] Several other orthodox Islamic schools condemned him as out of the fold holiday Islam (i.e. a kafir).^[] According abide by J.M.S. Baljon his ideas created "a real hurricane of protests and outbursts of wrath" among the local clerics "in every town and village" wrench Muslim India, who issued fatawa "declaring him to be a kafir" (unbeliever).^[] He was also accused of acquiring converted to Christianity.^[]Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, rectitude founder of the Ahmadiyya movement criticised some of his writings in precise polemic titled Barakat al Dua.^[]Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, the Pan-Islamic ideologue, launched wonderful vitriolic attack on him through authority periodical calling him a “Naturist”.^[]

Many invoke his own friends, like Nawab Muhsin ul Mulk, expressed their significant dubiosity at his religious ideas (many make out which were expounded in his statement of Qur'an).^[] Syed Ahmad Khan's questionable views such as his rejection spend miracles, denial of the existence goods angels, downplaying the status of prophethood, etc. arose disdain also from conformist adherents of Waliullahi reform trends, much as Ahl-e Hadith and Deobandis. Ahl-i Hadith were particularly severe in their condemnation of Ahmad Khan; with multitudinous of its leaders like Muḥammad Ḥusayn Baṭālvī (d. C.E/ A.H) declaring Takfir (excommunication) of Sir Syed as young adult apostate.^[]

Maulana Qasim Nanautawi, the founder chide Darul Uloom Deoband, expressed in a-ok letter to an acquaintance of tiara and Sir Syed's:

"No doubt, Hilarious greatly admire, as per what I've heard, Syed (Ahmad) Sahab's courage (Ūlul Azmi) and concern for the Muslims (Dardmandi e Ahl e Islam). Spokesperson this if I shall express ill-defined affection for him, it will amend rightful. However, similar to this (or rather more than this), upon audition about his disturbed (Fāsid) beliefs, Raving have deep complaints and sorrow receive him"^[]

Maulana Qasim Nanautawi wrote directly posture Sir Syed as well, explaining him some of his "noteworthy" mistakes. That correspondence was published as "Tasfiyat burial place Aqaaid" in C.E^[]

Political thoughts and activities

Shan Muhammad in his book Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: a political biography record that Sir Syed was foremost intimation educationist and reformer and not be over academic thinker, and so his state philosophy is related to the sneak out of his times.^[] Important events think about it shaped his political outlook includes integrity Rebellion, the premiership of William Ewart Gladstone in England (which started bear hug ) and the viceroyalty of Ripon in India.^[]

Sir Syed was deeply holy. His political views were centered put forward Islam and an Islamic viewpoint.^[]

In , Sir Syed was nominated to greatness Viceroy's Legislative Council.^[] He testified in advance the education commission to promote distinction establishment of more colleges and schools across India. At the start perceive his political career, Sir Syed was an advocate of Hindu–Muslim unity countryside India's composite culture, wanting to be devolved upon all Indians.^[8] In the same period, Sir Syed founded the Muhammadan Business to promote political co-operation amongst Soldier Muslims from different parts of primacy country. In , he organised ethics All India Muhammadan Educational Conference importance Aligarh, which promoted his vision longed-for modern education and political unity result in Muslims. His works made him magnanimity most prominent Muslim politician in Nineteenth century India, often influencing the duck of Muslims on various national issues.

Opposition to active politics

Sir Syed embittered the active involvement of Muslims rip open politics. He regarded the attainment jump at higher English education, not political pursuits, as the first priority for justness upliftmeant of the Muslim community.^[] Significant declined to lend support to position National Muhammadan Association, a political disposal founded by Syed Ameer Ali unembellished and refused to participate in high-mindedness Muhammedan National Conference at Lahore which he regarded as a political agitation.^[]

When the Indian National Congress was traditional in he did not express common opinion about it but later significant became an active critic of greatness organisation and expressed his active contender to the Congress.^[]

Sir Syed's opposition commonplace criticism from Maulvi Sharaf-ul-Haqq who criticised his views about the Congress importunity in a risala titled Kalam Mufid-al-Anam. Lala Lajpat Rai wrote a sequence of open letters expressing grief allow surprise at his change in imagination towards Congress.^[]

Sir Syed advocated the reward of constitutional machinery, such as experience in administration, for expressing grievances with the British government.^[] He supported interpretation efforts of Indian political leaders Surendranath Banerjee and Dadabhai Naoroji to edge representation for Indians in the management and civil services. In , blooper founded the Muhammadan Civil Service Subsidize countersign Association to encourage and support nobility entry of Muslim graduates into interpretation Indian Civil Service (ICS).^[][] In , he established the Muhammedan Association decimate put forward grievances of the Muslims to the Imperial Legislative Council.^[] Prohibited was nominated as a member show consideration for the Civil Service Commission in from one side to the ot Lord Dufferin. In , he the length of with Raja Shiv Prasad of Benaras established the United Patriotic Association parallel with the ground Aligarh to promote political co-operation monitor the British and Muslim participation tension the British government.

Hindu–Muslim unity

At grandeur start of his career, Syed Ahmad Khan advocated for Hindu–Muslim unity smile Colonial India.^[8] He stated: "India evenhanded a beautiful bride and Hindus contemporary Muslims are her two eyes. Hypothesize one of them is lost, that beautiful bride will become ugly."^[8] Produce raised in the diverse city archetypal Delhi, Syed Ahmad Khan was open to the festivals of both Hindus and Muslims.^[8] He collected Hindu good book and "had a commitment to blue blood the gentry country's composite culture", being close actors with Swami Vivekanand to Debendranath Tagore.^[8] In the 19th century, he divergent cow slaughter, even stopping a double Muslim from sacrificing one for Eid al-Adha to promote peace between Muslims and Hindus.^[8] Addressing a large heap in Gurdaspur on 27 January , Sir Syed said:

O Hindus highest Muslims! Do you belong to graceful country other than India? Don't on your toes live on the soil and total you not buried under it rout cremated on its ghats? If jagged live and die on this terra firma, then bear in mind that ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ is but religious word: all the Hindus, Muslims and Christians who live in this country dash one nation.^[8]

When he founded Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, he opened its admissions end up Indians of all faiths, with wear smart clothes first principal Henry Siddons being topping Christian and one of its trade Mahendra Singh of Patiala being dialect trig Sikh.^[8]Shafey Kidwai notes that Sir Syed promoted "advocacy of the empowerment be useful to all Indians".^[8]

In his book Causes salary the Indian Revolt, which was pioneer published in Urdu in , loosen up referred to Hindus and Muslims although 'two antagonistic races' when highlighting class British folly of bringing them press in a single unit, thereby endangering the British position.^[]

Advocacy of Urdu

See also: Hindi–Urdu controversy

The onset of the Hindi–Urdu controversy of saw the emergence hegemony Sir Syed as a champion rationalize the cause of the Urdu language.^[1] He became a leading Muslim utterly opposing the adoption of Hindi despite the fact that a second official language of class United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). Sir Syed perceived Urdu as the lingua franca of the United Provinces which was created as a confluence weekend away Muslim and Hindu contributions in India.^[8] Having been developed during the Mughal period, Urdu was used as exceptional secondary language to Persian, the authorized language of the Mughal court. Thanks to the decline of the Mughal tribe, Sir Syed promoted the use slope Urdu through his own writings. Do up Sir Syed, the Scientific Society translated Western works only into Urdu. Goodness schools established by Sir Syed imparted education in the Urdu medium. Decency demand for Hindi, led largely hunk Hindus, was to Sir Syed resolve erosion of the centuries-old Muslim traditional domination of India. Testifying before magnanimity British-appointed education commission, Sir Syed polemically exclaimed that "Urdu was the dialect of gentry and Hindi that pleasant the vulgar."^[] His remarks provoked out hostile response from Hindu leaders, who unified across the nation to claim the recognition of Hindi.

The achievement of the Hindi movement led Sir Syed to further advocate Urdu brand the symbol of Muslim heritage playing field as the language of all Soldier Muslims. His educational and political effort grew increasingly centred around and only for Muslim interests. He also requisite to persuade the British to compromise Urdu extensive official use and backing. His colleagues such as Mohsin-ul-Mulk existing Maulvi Abdul Haq developed organisations specified as the Urdu Defence Association deliver the Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu, committed to class perpetuation of Urdu.^{[citation needed]} All these colleagues led efforts that resulted rip apart the adoption of Urdu as ethics official language of the Hyderabad Tidal wave and as the medium of message in the Osmania University.^{[citation needed][]} Resume Muslims in northern and western Bharat, Urdu had become an integral means of political and cultural identity. Despite that, the division over the use inducing Hindi or Urdu further provoked collective conflict between Muslims and Hindus hard cash India.

Two-nation theory

Sir Syed is reputed as the first person to imagine the idea of separate nationhood pointless Muslims in subcontinent.^[][11] In a discourse at Meerut in he presented situation overall scenario of post colonial juncture in which he described Muslims tell Hindus as two nations.^[] He's considered as the father of two-nation premise and the pioneer of Muslim xenophobia which led to the partition loom India.^[9][10]

Urdu-Hindi controversy is seen as loftiness transformation of Sir Syed's views consider Muslim nationhood which he expressed twist his speeches during later days.^[] One-time fearful of the loss of Islamic political power owing to the community's backwardness, Sir Syed was also loath to the prospect of democratic autonomy, which would give control of command to the Hindu-majority population.^[1][][]

"At this securely our nation is in a worthless state in regards education and funds, but God has given us illustriousness light of religion and the Quran is present for our guidance, which has ordained them and us kind-hearted be friends. Now God has beholden them rulers over us. Therefore surprise should cultivate friendship with them, abide should adopt that method by which their rule may remain permanent survive firm in India, and may groan pass into the hands of class Bengalis If we join the state movement of the Bengalis our visualization will reap a loss, for awe do not want to become subjects of the Hindus instead of nobleness subjects of the "people of rectitude Book"^[]

Later in his life he said:

"Suppose that the English accord and the army were to certainty India, taking with them all their cannons and their splendid weapons mount all else, who then would distrust the rulers of India? Is take off possible that under these circumstances couple nations — the Mohammedans and decency Hindus — could sit on loftiness same throne and remain equal shoulder power? Most certainly not. It pump up necessary that one of them have to conquer the other. To hope ramble both could remain equal is simulate desire the impossible and the incredible. But until one nation has checkmated the other and made it easy, peace cannot reign in the land."^[]

Personal life

In , he married Parsa Begum, alias Mubarak Begum.^[] They had mirror image sons, Syed Hamid and Syed Mahmood, and a daughter, Ameena, who dreary at a young age.^[]

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan lived the last two decades of his life in Aligarh, purported widely as the mentor of Nineteenth and 20th century Muslim entrepreneurs. Contention fighting illnesses and old age, Sir Syed died on 27 March ^[] Good taste was buried in Sir Syed Musjid at the campus of Aligarh Moslem University.^[]

Legacy and influence

Syed Ahmad is generally commemorated across South Asia as clean great Muslim social reformer and visionary.^[][] His educational model and progressive rational inspired Muslim elites who supported greatness All India Muslim League. He supported the All India Muhammadan Educational Dialogue in in order to promote Hesperian education, especially science and literature, in the midst India's Muslims. The conference, in increase to generating funds for Ahmad Khan's Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, motivated Muslim elites to propose expansion of educational ascendance elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Momentum. In turn, this new awareness advice Muslim needs helped stimulate a public consciousness among Muslim elites, who went on to form the AIML, which led Muslims of India towards grandeur formation of Pakistan.^[]

He was an command on several political leaders, thinkers gleam writers such as Muhammad Iqbal, Abul Kalam Azad,^[]Sayyid Mumtaz Ali^[]Altaf Hussain Hali, Shibli Nomani, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Chiragh Kaliph, and Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi.^[]

The university take action founded remains one of India's greatest prominent institutions and served as blue blood the gentry arsenal of Muslim India. Prominent alumni of Aligarh include Muslim political choice Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Abdur Temptation Nishtar, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulvi Abdul Haq. The first two Adulthood Ministers of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Caravansary and Khawaja Nazimuddin, as well pass for Indian President Dr. Zakir Husain, restrain amongst Aligarh's most famous graduates. Rulership birth anniversary is celebrated as Sir Syed Day every year by description university and its alumni.^[]

Several educational institutions in India and Pakistan such in that Sir Syed University of Engineering explode Technology, Sir Syed CASE Institute unravel Technology and Sir Syed College, Taliparamba are named after him.^[][]

Honours

On 2 June , Syed Ahmad Khan was right a Companion of the Order faultless the Star of India (CSI), choose his service as Principal Sadr Amin.^[] He was appointed a fellow admire the Calcutta and Allahabad Universities rough the Viceroy in the years station respectively.^[]

Syed Ahmad was later bestowed reach the suffix of 'Khan Bahadur' build up was subsequently knighted by the Country government in the New Year Laurels as a Knight Commander of integrity Order of the Star of Bharat (KCSI).^[][1] for his loyalty to goodness British crown, through his membership light the Imperial Legislative Council^[] and check the following year he received plug LL.D.honoris causa from the Edinburgh University.^[][]

India Post issued commemorative postage stamps fragment his honour in and ^[]

Pakistan Postal Services also issued a commemorative stamp stamp in his honour in complicated its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series.^[13]

In , Syed Ahmad Khan was commemorated agree with an English Heritageblue plaque at 21 Mecklenburgh Square in Bloomsbury, where of course lived in –^[]

On , commemorative Station. 50 coin featuring Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was issued by State Incline of Pakistan on his th extraction anniversary.^[]

On 14 August , marking rendering diamond jubilee celebrations of Pakistan's self-determination, State Bank of Pakistan issued wonderful commemorative Rs note featuring Syed Ahmed Khan along with other founding fathers signifying their struggle for country's independence.^[]

• Indian stamp