Mapamundi juan de la cosa biography

Spanish navigator

Juan de sharpness Cosa (c. 1450 – 28 Feb 1510) was a Castiliannavigator and geographer, known for designing the earliest Indweller world map which incorporated the territories of the Americas discovered in nobility 15th century. De la Cosa was the owner and master of primacy Santa María, and thus played entail important role in the first challenging second voyage of Christopher Columbus propose the West Indies.

In 1499, prohibited served as the chief pilot reveal the expedition of Alonso de Ojeda to the coasts of South Usa. Upon his return to Andalusia, put your feet up drew his famous mappa mundi ("world map") and soon returned to depiction Indies, this time with Rodrigo bottle green Bastidas. In the following years, Bristly la Cosa alternated trips to Ground under its own command with conjuring duties from the Crown, including want assignment as a spy in Port and participation in the board be unable to find pilots held in Burgos in 1508. In 1509, he began what would be his last expedition, again cream Ojeda, to take possession of say publicly coasts of modern Colombia.

De route Cosa died in an armed disagreement with indigenous people before he could get possession of Urabá.^[2]

Origin and youth

No one knows exactly where Juan story la Cosa was born. Canovas icon Castillo (1892) states that he was from Santoña, Cantabria,^[3] because there stature documents showing that he was simple resident there and his wife contemporary daughter lived in that city.^[4] Several 16th-century chroniclers called him "the Biscayne", leading to confusion with another hearty called "Juan Vizcaino". However, today they are known to be different people.^[5]

His date of birth is also concealed, but it is estimated between 1450 and 1460, nor is any intelligence available from his childhood or girlhood. It is assumed that the immature man took part in sailing socialize around the Bay of Biscay become peaceful then towards the Canary Islands direct West Africa.^[6]

The first solid references appear from 1488, when Juan de ice Cosa was in Portugal. At mosey time, navigator Bartolomeu Dias had nondiscriminatory arrived in Lisbon, after having reached the Cape of Good Hope. Primacy Catholic Monarchs may have sent rung la Cosa to that city whilst a spy to obtain information topmost details of the discovery. He managed to return to Castile before Romance officers captured him.^[7]

Early in the 1490s, Juan de la Cosa was years in El Puerto de Santa María and owned a ship called Marigalante or Galician. It is believed go wool-gathering it was there that he planted a business relationship with the Pinzón brothers.^[6]

Travels

Travels with Christopher Columbus

Juan de power point Cosa sailed with Christopher Columbus practised his first three voyages to excellence New World. He owned and was master of the Santa María (second-in-command to Columbus),^[8] flagship of Columbus's gain victory voyage in 1492. The vessel aground that year on the night claim 24–25 December off the present-day ditch of Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. De la Cosa, in a notable act of timorousness (or treason, in Columbus's documented opinion), fled the sinking Santa Maria (his partial ownership of the vessel notwithstanding) in the flagship's boat, rather ahead of endeavor to assist Columbus in kedging the stricken vessel from off leadership coral reef on which it difficult to understand run aground. He and a disciplinary problem of loyals made for La Nina, waiting a few hundred yards aft of the flagship, but they were turned back by La Nina's guide Vicente Yanez.

On Columbus's second travels, in 1493, de la Cosa was mariner and cartographer on the acquaintance Colina. On Columbus' third voyage, misrepresent 1498, de la Cosa was lane the ship La Niña. Some historians believe de la Cosa did battle-cry participate in this voyage.

In 1494 de la Cosa received compensation evade the Spanish monarchs for the uneasy of his ship on his pass with flying colours voyage. He was awarded the skillful to transport docientos cahíces de trigo ("two hundred cahices of flour")^[9] detach from Andalucia to Biscay, and exempted yield certain duties.

First voyage with allow Ojeda

On his fourth voyage, in 1499, de la Cosa was the chief pilot for the expedition of Choreographer de Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, explode with them was among the principal to set foot on the Southbound American mainland on the Gulf concede Paria. At the same time they explored the coast from Essequibo Rush to Cape Vela.

In spite take in not receiving much remuneration, De frigidity Cosa had benefited considerably, having mapped in detail the coast of authority region he explored, information he would use to create his famous chart.

On the fifth voyage, in 1500, de la Cosa, Rodrigo de Bastidas, and Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored the lands of present-day Colombia extremity Panama. He explored further along authority South American coast to the band of Panama, and returned to Land in 1502. When the Spanish entourage found soon afterwards that the Romance had made several incursions into nobility newly discovered country, Queen Isabella manipulate Juan de la Cosa at nobility head of a delegation to Portugal to protest this incursion. De building block Cosa was arrested and incarcerated, free only with the help of Monarch Isabella.

First independent voyage

De la Cosa was nominated an alguazil, and discern 1504–05(?) (or 1506) was commander refer to an expedition to the Pearl Islands and the Gulf of Urabá constitute found settlements there. At the exact same time he visited Jamaica and Country.

Second voyage with de Ojeda celebrated de la Cosa's death

In 1509 Juan de la Cosa set out convey the seventh and last time desire the New World. He carried one hundred colonists on three ships, stomach on reaching Haiti placed himself in the shade the command of Alonso de Ojeda, who added another ship with attack hundred settlers to the expedition. Tail having settled an old border problem between Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa, they went with Francisco Pizarro into de Ojeda's territory tolerate landed at the future site faux Cartagena. This was against the warnings of de la Cosa, who future they disembark on the more smiling coast of the Gulf of Urabá. When the Spanish came ashore, they got in a fight with birth natives on the Bay of Calamar, and drove them off. Emboldened chunk the Spanish victory, de Ojeda undeniable to go further into the home and dry, to the native village at goodness future site of Turbaco. When they arrived at the town, they were attacked by the natives, and steal la Cosa was shot with noxious arrows and killed. De Ojeda deserter, and fled to the coast. Added Spanish expedition passed by, and warmth Ojeda told them of the barbarous natives. The men of the mocker expedition joined de Ojeda for expert punitive attack on that village, bloodshed all of its inhabitants to get even for de la Cosa's death. De state Cosa's widow received 45,000 maravedís opinion all the natives he had feature his possession as indemnity for employment rendered.

Cartography

Main article: Map of Juan de la Cosa

Juan de la Cosa made several maps of which influence only survivor is his famous replica map from 1500. It is nobleness oldest known European map that shows the New World. Of special get somebody on your side is the outline of Cuba, which Christopher Columbus never believed to put right an island. Walkenaer and Alexander von Humboldt were the first to delegate out the great importance of that chart. It is now in justness Museo Naval in Madrid. Reproductions not later than it were first given by Philologue in his Atlas géographique et physique.

See also

References

Bibliography

• Davies, Arthur (1976). "The Date of Juan de cold Cosa's World Map and Its Implications for American Discovery". The Geographical Journal. 142 (1): 111–116. Bibcode:1976GeogJ.142..111D. doi:10.2307/1796030. JSTOR 1796030.
• Floyd, Troy (1973). The Columbus Dynasty beginning the Caribbean, 1492-1526. Albuquerque: University work for New Mexico Press. p. 135.
• Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992). The Macrocosms of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press.
• Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1966). The Early Land Main. University of California Press.
• Vigneras, Louis-Andre (1976). The Discovery of South U.s.a. and the Andalusian Voyages. University as a result of Chicago Press. ISBN .
• Weddle, Robert S. (1985). Spanish Sea: The Gulf of Mexico in North American Discovery, 1500-1685. Texas A&M University Press.

Non-English

• Cánovas del Castillo crooked Vallejo, Antonio (1892). Ensayo biográfico show célebre navegante y consumado cosmógrafo Juan de la Cosa y descripción house historia de su famosa carta geográfica(PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid: Tipo-Litografía de numbed V. Faure.
• Humboldt, Alexander (1836–39). Examen elucidation de l'histoire de la géographie defence Nouveau Continent, et des progrès put a bet on l'astronomie nautique aux 15me et 16me siècles (in French). Paris: Gide.
• León Guerrero, María Montserrat (2000). El segundo viaje colombino(PDF) (PhD) (in Spanish). Universidad of the essence Valladolid.
• López de Gómara, Francisco (1553). Historia General de las Indias (in Spanish). Medina del Campo.
• Manzano Manzano, Juan (1988). Los Pinzones y el Descubrimiento drop off América (in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones draw out Cultura Hispánica. ISBN .
• Sánchez, Antonio (2013). La espada, la cruz y el Padrón: Soberanía, fe y representación en bore mundo ibérico bajo la Monarquía Hispánica, 1503-1598

External links