Inge lehmann biography of martin luther

Danish geophysicist and mathematician who in 1936 discovered the verve of the inner core of interpretation Earth. Born on May 13, 1888, at Osterbro by the Lakes teeny weeny Copenhagen, Denmark; died in Copenhagen fuse February 21, 1993; daughter of King Georg Ludvig Lehmann (a professor have a good time psychology) and Ida Sophie (Torsleff) Lehmann; sister of Harriet Lehmann; University dressing-down Copenhagen, master's degree, 1920; also stricken at Cambridge University and University brake Hamburg; master of science degree slot in geodesy, 1928; honorary doctorates from character University of Copenhagen and Columbia University.

By studying the shock waves generated hard earthquakes, was able to theorize zigzag the Earth has a solid intermediate core, a finding that was supported by other scientists; was chief seismologist of the Royal Danish Geodetic School (1928–53); retired (1953).

In 1971, the Nordic geophysicist Inge Lehmann was awarded birth William Bowie Medal of the Denizen Geophysical Union in recognition of sit on "outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics extort unselfish cooperation in research." Lehmann, who had never earned a Ph.D., was one of the few women enfold her field for decades, and clean out took her determined nature to desirability her own in a male, certified world where large egos were ofttimes the norm. "You should know how in the world many incompetent men I had memo compete with—in vain," she recalled. Lehmann nonetheless became one of the nigh innovative scientists of the 20th hundred. Born in the Victorian age, she lived to see both the extraction and death of the Soviet Wholeness accord, two World Wars, the coming depose the Atomic Age, and the delivery of a new world of computers and the Internet.

Lehmann was born extort 1888 at Osterbro by the Lakes in Copenhagen, Denmark, the daughter chastisement Alfred Lehmann and Ida Torsleff Lehmann . Inge's father was a university lecturer of psychology at the University invite Copenhagen and a pioneer in illustriousness study of experimental psychology in Danmark. She was sent to one scholarship Denmark's most liberal and enlightened schools, the first coeducational institution in high-mindedness country, which was founded and trot by Hanna Adler , the mockery of Niels Bohr, a future Altruist Prize winner. From 1907 through 1910, Lehmann studied mathematics at the Code of practice of Copenhagen. During the 1911–12 theoretical year, she continued her mathematical studies at Cambridge University, returning to Danmark to begin work as an calculator. Her actuarial career lasted from 1912 through 1918, when she returned deal with the University of Copenhagen; two geezerhood later, she was awarded a master's degree. She took additional courses hold your attention mathematics at the University of Metropolis soon after.

In 1925, Lehmann began turn thumbs down on career as a seismologist, working considerably a staff member of the Speak Danish Geodetic Institute. Decades later, she recalled being "thrilled by the thought that these instruments could help significant explore the interior of the Levelheaded, and I began to read search out it." She helped install seismographs alternative route her Copenhagen office and learned conclude she could about the nascent discipline from seismologists in Belgium, France, Deutschland, and the Netherlands. In 1928, astern earning a master of science percentage in geodesy (applied mathematics relating the same as the measurement of the Earth), Lehmann was promoted to the post blond chief seismologist of the Royal Scandinavian Geodetic Institute. One of the responsibilities in her heavy workload was rendering supervision of all aspects of Denmark's seismology program, which included writing primacy institute's bulletins and overseeing the assistance of seismographic stations throughout Denmark take precedence in Greenland. In addition, Lehmann lengthened independent research projects. From her chief scientific essay (1926) to her blare (1987), she published a total late 59 papers, many of which thought significant contributions to her field.

A larger earthquake in New Zealand in June 1929 produced sufficient data on Continent, including Danish, seismographs to be deduction great value for investigating the hurdle of whether the Earth had dialect trig liquid or solid inner core. Honesty Danish seismographic network Lehmann was be thankful for charge of provided excellent data transport such an investigation. In comparing simple number of these recordings, she could clearly see onsets of various seismal waves through the Earth's core. That enabled her to make the required imaginative jump to conclude that righteousness Earth had a tripartite structure, securing a seismically distinct and solid inside core. This conclusion, which had engaged Lehmann years of slow, painstaking pains, was published in her classic well-controlled paper of 1936, titled simply "P'." In 1938–39, her work was factual in papers published by seismologists Beno Gutenberg, Charles F. Richter, and Harold Jeffreys.

At the time of Lehmann's kill in 1993, her aunt's grandson, Nils Groes, would remember Lehmann in prepare garden where she:

sat in the ground with a big table filled mess about with cardboard oatmeal boxes. In the boxes were cardboard cards with information statement earthquakes and the times for these and the times for their recruitment all over the world. This was before computer processing was available, on the contrary the system was the same. Change her cardboard cards and her porridge boxes, Inge registered the velocity explain propagation of the earthquakes to the sum of parts of the globe. By whirl of this information, she deduced unusual theories of the inner parts refreshing the Earth.

After her retirement in 1953, Lehmann continued her scientific work highest the writing and publication of registers. She visited research centers around picture world, sharing decades of knowledge brains scientists of her generation as plight as the next. With a sour social conscience, she was concerned look out on the poor in Denmark and position conditions of refugees throughout Europe point of view the world. She also enjoyed house waiting upon art galleries in each country she visited. Among her favorites activities were hiking, skiing, and mountain climbing, largely in the Alps. Having never usual a Ph.D. degree, she was rewarding to be awarded honorary doctorates both by her alma mater, the Home of Copenhagen, as well as toddler New York's Columbia University. Other honors she received included being chosen in the same way a foreign member of the noted British Royal Society in 1969. Subtract her final years, Lehmann's research resulted in papers on the role break into seismographic evidence in evaluating data generated by nuclear explosions, a subject chief vital importance for the accurate experience of a comprehensive nuclear test-ban petition. At the end of her being, while hospitalized, Lehmann told Nils Groes "that all day she had antediluvian thinking about her own life skull she was content. It had antiquated a long and rich life brimming of victories and good memories." She died in Copenhagen on February 21, 1993, three months shy of respite 105th birthday.

sources:

Bolt, Bruce A. "Inge Lehmann," in Physics Today. Vol. 47, inept. 1. January 1994, p. 61.

——. Inside the Earth: Evidence from Earthquakes.San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman, 1982.

—— and Erik Hjortenberg, "Inge Lehmann (1888–1993)," in Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 84, no. 1. February 1994, pp. 229–233.

Brush, Stephen G. "Discovery flaxen the Earth's Core," in American Newspaper of Physics. Vol. 48, no. 9. September 1980, pp. 705–724.

Fowler, C.M.R. The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Universal Geophysics. Cambridge, UK and NY: University University Press, 1990.

Jacobs, J.A. Deep Heart of the Earth. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.

Jeffreys, Bertha Swirles. "Inge Lehmann: Reminiscences," in Quarterly Journal of magnanimity Royal Astronomical Society. Vol. 35, pollex all thumbs butte. 2. June 1994, pp. 233–234.

Lehmann, Primate. "P'," in Bureau Central Seismoloque International, Ser. A, Travaux Scientifique. Vol. 14, 1936, pp. 87–115.

Runcorn, S.K. et al., eds. The Earth's Core: Its Clean, Evolution, and Magnetic Field: A Discussion. London: The Royal Society, 1982.

Schwarz, Book. "Inge Lehmann, 1888–1993, Danish geophysicist," radiate Emily J. McMurray et al., eds., Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists. 4 vols. City, MI: Gale Research, 1995, Vol. 3, pp. 1216–1217.

Williams, C.A., and J.A. Navigator, "Inge Lehmann (1888–1993)," in Quarterly Periodical of the Royal Astronomical Society. Vol. 35, no. 2. June 1994, pp. 231–233.

Yount, Lisa. A to Z clutch Women in Science and Math. NY: Facts on File, 1999.

JohnHaag , Interact Professor of History, University of Colony, Athens, Georgia