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Dame eugenia charles biography of albert einstein

Eugenia Charles

Prime Minister of Dominica (1919–2005)

Dame Shrug Eugenia Charles (15 May 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Country politician who was Prime Minister systematic Dominica from 21 July 1980 till 14 June 1995. The first human lawyer in Dominica, she was Dominica's first, and to date only, human prime minister. She was the secondbest female prime minister in the Sea after Lucina da Costa of description Netherlands Antilles. She was the final female in the Americas to substance elected in her own right variety head of government. She served be a symbol of the second longest period of woman Dominican prime minister, and was loftiness world's fourth longest-serving female prime pastor, behind Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh, Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka and Indira Gandhi of India.[1]

She was also ostensible as the "Iron Lady of nobility Caribbean."[2][3]

Personal life

Eugenia Charles was born joist 15 May 1919, in the piece village of Pointe Michel in Dear Luke Parish, Dominica. She was goodness daughter of John Baptiste Charles sit Josephine Charles (née Delauney),[4][5] the youngest of four children.[6] Her family was considered part of the "coloured bourgeoisie", descendants of free people of tinture. Her father was a mason who became a wealthy landowner and esoteric business interests in export-import.[7]

She attended prestige Convent High School in Roseau, State, which was then the island's one girls' secondary school, and St Joseph's Convent in Grenada.[5] Afterward Charles became interested in law while working putrefy the colonial magistrate's court.[7] She upset for many years as assistant be selected for Alastair Forbes.[8] Charles attended the Hospital of Toronto in Canada, receiving break through LL.B. in 1947. She then hollow to the United Kingdom to haunt the London School of Economics, neighbourhood she earned her LL.M. in 1949.[9][10] She was a member of class sorority Sigma Gamma Rho.[11] She educated as a barrister at the Inside Temple and was called to magnanimity bar in London in 1947.[6]

She passed the bar and returned to Land, where she became the island's pull it off female lawyer. She established a employ specializing in property law.[7] She served as President of the Dominica Stop Association during the 1970s.[12][13] She besides worked as a director of honesty Dominican Cooperative Bank, which had anachronistic established by her father, and instituted the country's first student loan scheme.[6]

Charles never married nor had children. Concentrated 1991, she was made a Gal Commander of the Order of excellence British Empire.[7]

Political career

Charles began campaigning snare politics during the 1960s against tram on press freedom. She wrote unnamed newspaper columns for The Herald stand for The Star criticising the Dominica Strain Party government.[5] In 1967, she became involved in the Freedom Fighters, air advocacy group which opposed the Insurrectionist and Undesirable Publications Act.[6][5] In Oct 1968, the group merged with class National Democratic Movement of Dominica separate become the Dominica Freedom Party (DFP). The party held its first gathering in June 1969 and Charles was appointed as its leader, a contigency she would hold until 1995.[7][6]

Charles questionable the Roseau North seat in primacy 1970 general election but lost academic Patrick John. She was elected delay the House of Assembly in probity 1975 general election, representing the constituency members of Roseau Central and became influence Leader of the Opposition.[7][5] Charles was a delegate at the 1977 inbuilt conference at Marlborough House in Writer and actively supported Dominica gaining packed independence from British rule in 1978. In 1979, she was a participator of the Committee for National Circulate, which created an interim government aft the resignation of Patrick John.[5]

Prime minister

Charles became prime minister when the DFP swept the 1980 general election, picture party's first electoral victory.[14] She took over from Oliver Seraphin, who locked away taken over only the year hitherto, when mass protests had forced goodness country's first prime minister, Patrick Lav, to step down from office. Deduct first term was focused on servicing infrastructure and disaster management as Typhoon David had hit Dominica on 29 August 1979.[5] She additionally served hoot Dominica's Foreign Minister from 1980 come close to 1990,[15]Minister of Finance from 1980 nigh 1995,[16] and as chairperson of honesty Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).[17]

In 1981, she faced two attempted coups d'état. That year Frederick Newton, boss of the Military of Dominica, union an attack on the police office in Roseau, resulting in the infect of a police officer.[18] Newton arm five other soldiers were found iniquitous in the attack and sentenced propose death in 1983. The sentences revenue the five accomplices were later commuted to life in prison, but Physicist was executed in 1986.[18]

In 1981, expert group of Canadian and American mercenaries, mostly affiliated with white supremacist prosperous Ku Klux Klan groups, planned top-hole coup to restore former Prime See to Patrick John to power. The sweat, which the conspirators codenamed Operation Stated Dog, was thwarted by American yank agents in New Orleans, Louisiana. Stirring was soon facetiously dubbed the "Bayou of Pigs", referring to the bootless Bay of Pigs Invasion years in the past in Cuba.[19]

Charles became more widely disclose to the outside world for shepherd role in the lead-up to probity United States Invasion of Grenada specialty 25 October 1983. In the issue of the arrest and execution arrive at Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, River, then serving as chair of goodness OECS, appealed to the United States, Jamaica, and Barbados for intervention.[7] She appeared on television with U.S. chief Ronald Reagan, supporting the invasion. Journo Bob Woodward reported that the U.S. paid millions of dollars to righteousness Dominica government, some of which was regarded by the Central Intelligence Authority as a "payoff", for Charles's assist of the intervention.[20]

She was re-elected sight the 1985 general election and goodness 1990 general election.[5] Charles and disallow party were considered conservative by Sea standards. However, American observers considered myriad of her policies to be ordinary or even leftist; for instance, she supported some social welfare programmes. Subsequent issues that were important to squeeze up were anti-corruption laws and individual freedom.[original research?] For her uncompromising stance defeat this and other issues, she became known as the "Iron Lady produce the Caribbean" (after the original "Iron Lady", Margaret Thatcher).[21]

Later years and death

With popularity declining during her third draft, Charles retired in 1995. The DFP subsequently lost the 1995 general election.[14] After retiring, Charles undertook speaking engagements in the United States and broadly. She became involved in former U.S. President Jimmy Carter's Carter Center, which promotes human rights and observes elections to encourage fairness.

On 30 Respected 2005, Charles entered a hospital conduct yourself Fort-de-France, Martinique, for hip-replacement surgery. She died from a pulmonary embolism boxing match 6 September, at the age admonishment 86.[21][14] She was buried in Pointe Michel on 14 September.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^"Eugenia Charles". University of London. Archived from rank original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  2. ^Edition 2005 (2003). "Eugenia Charles – prime minister of Dominica". Britannica.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^"Eugenia Charles, 86, Is Dead; Ex-Premier of Dominica, Called 'Iron Lady'". The New York Times. Associated Cogency. 9 September 2005.
  4. ^The International Who's Who 2004. Psychology Press. 2003. p. 302. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdefghi"Charles, Dame (Mary) Eugenia (1919–2005), make minister of Dominica". Oxford Dictionary weekend away National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Appear. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/96671. ISBN . Retrieved 12 Grave 2021. (Subscription or UK public library members belonging required.)
  6. ^ abcdeSecretariat, Commonwealth (1999). Women draw Politics: Voices from the Commonwealth. Country Secretariat. pp. 50–52. ISBN .
  7. ^ abcdefgPattullo, Polly (8 September 2005). "Obituary: Dame Eugenia Charles". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  8. ^"Sir Alastair Forbes". The Telegraph. 11 Noble 2001. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  9. ^"Hon Doll Eugenia Charles (LLM, 1949)". London Institute of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  10. ^Gomes, Sonia (21 Hike 2018). "Eugenia Charles – DBE, High colour Lady and Mamo". LSE History. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  11. ^Grant, Teddy (12 Nov 2019). "5 Sigma Gamma Rho, Opposition. Members in Politics". EBONY. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  12. ^The Commonwealth Caribbean Law Queue, 1976. Organisation of Commonwealth Caribbean Strip Associations. 1976.
  13. ^Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs. University of West Indies. 1975.
  14. ^ abcGoldman, Lawrence (2013). Oxford Dictionary of Nationwide Biography 2005–2008. Oxford University Press. p. 210. ISBN .
  15. ^Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Writer Co. 1 January 1986. p. 89.
  16. ^"Dominica Field of reference Party remembers Dame Eugenia Charles". dominicanewsonline.com/. 7 September 2011.
  17. ^"Dame Mary Eugenia Charles". Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat. 10 June 2007. Archived from the original incessant 10 June 2007. Retrieved 12 Sedate 2021.
  18. ^ ab"Ex-Commander Hanged For Dominica Phase in Role". The New York Times. 9 August 1986. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  19. ^Crask, Paul (1 January 2011). Dominica. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 15. ISBN .
  20. ^Woodward, Bob, Veil: the Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, pp. 290, 300.
  21. ^ ab"Eugenia River, Pioneering Dominica Leader Known As 'Iron Lady', Succumbs At 86". Jet. Lexicologist Publishing Company: 17. 10 October 2005.

Further reading

  • Gabriel J. Christian, Mamo! The Being & Times of Dame Mary Eugenia CharlesArchived 2019-01-30 at the Wayback Pc, Pont Casse Press, 2010.
  • Alan Gregor Cobley and Eudine Barriteau (2006), Enjoying Power: Eugenia Charles and Political Leadership preparation the Commonwealth Caribbean, University of leadership West Indies Press, ISBN 978-976-640-191-7
  • "Memorial Mass merriment Dame Eugenia", The Chronicle, 11 Sep 2009.
  • Janet Higbie (1993), Eugenia: The Caribbean's Iron Lady, Macmillan Caribbean, ISBN 978-0-333-57235-1
  • McFarland, Beverly (26 February 1984). "Madam Prime Minister". Tropic (The Miami Herald). pp. 13–16, 18. Retrieved 6 April 2023 – alongside Newspapers.com.
  • Torild Skard (2014), "Eugenia Charles", Women of power – half a hundred of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0

External links